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Anatomy > reproduction... yucky > Flashcards

reproduction... yucky Flashcards

1
Q

asexual reproduction in chordates

A

tunicates can bud, whip-tailed lizards, amazon molly, some salamaders can parthenogenerate (chromosome doubles in egg so they stay diploid)

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2
Q

pseudocopulation

A

female “copulates” with other female, no fertilization but activates hormones so one can lay an egg. results in parthenogenesis

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3
Q

bird chromosomes

A

F= WZ, M= ZZ

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4
Q

who has sex determined by egg temp

A

turtles, SOME crocodilians and lizards

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5
Q

synchronous hermaphrodites

A

have testes and ovaries OR ovotestes, can self-fertilize. example: black bass (some teleosts)

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6
Q

sequential hermaphrodites

A

act as one sex then the other in life stages. FtM = protogynous, MtF = protoandrous. ex. coral reef fishes where one turns male and fertilizes others, they kill him, next. etc

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7
Q

ovipary strategy

A

must have nutrient rich eggs, a LOT of eggs usually (in fish), external fertilization

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8
Q

oviviparity

A

eggs develop in uterus, less risk bc they stay protected, less resources risked. chondrichthyans, some fish, caecilians and other amphibians, monotremes somewhat

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9
Q

intrauterine cannabalism

A

made possible by viviparity!

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10
Q

oviduct other names in devo

A

mullerian duct, paramesonephric duct

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11
Q

indifferent phase happenings devo

A

intermediate mesoderm near mesonephros forms genital ridge, it bulges into coelum, germ cells migrate from yolk sac to mesonephros. mesothelium thickens to form primary sex cords which form ducts inc. paramesonephric duct (oviduct) next to archinephric duct

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12
Q

SRY gene and impact

A

male determination. sex cord expands into seminiferous tubules of testis, oviduct recedes.

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13
Q

male genital development after SRY activation

A

sex cord expands into seminiferous tubules of testis, oviduct recedes. archinephric duct (mesonephric duct) becomes vas deferens/spermatic duct. mesenchyme forms tunica albuginea, some become interstitial (Leydig cells)

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14
Q

tunica albuginea

A

fibrous layer that comes from mesenchyme separating sex cords inside from the external epithelial tissue

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15
Q

Leydig cells

A

testosterone making cells

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16
Q

Female development after indifferent stage

A

secondary sex cells carry germ cells to the middle, each germ cell gets surrounded follicular cells (eventual eggs). the archinephric/mesonephric duct degenerates and the oviduct remains

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17
Q

Sertoli cells

A

form blood-testes barrier, secrete hormones (anti-mullerian hormone AMH causes oviduct to degenerate, secretes ABP - androgen binding protein to promote sperm maturation), give nutrition to sperm, remove sperm cytoplasm

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18
Q

sperm development

A

(4N) spermatogonia > primary spermatocytes >(meiosis)> secondary spermatocytes > spermatatids >(meisosis)> spermatazoa (1N). this is a 64 day period

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19
Q

acrosome

A

organelle in sperm head with enzymes to help it break through egg coat

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20
Q

sperm parts

A

acrosome, nucleus, head, neck, tail

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21
Q

why are bals

A

thermoregulation

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22
Q

who has silly internal balls, be honest

A

cetaceans, elephants, edentates

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23
Q

edentates

A

anteaters, sloths, armadillos

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24
Q

Bidders organ

A

reproductive organ in toads, they can make sperm for a while but switch to eggs after that.

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25
Q

anamniote testes

A

big, fill body cavity. immature has ovary resembling part in the front. (1 can work at a time if not hermaphroditic)

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26
Q

ovaries thru the orders

A

usually paired, but fused in lampreys and teleosts, birds have just the left one

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27
Q

egg development.

A

start as primary oocytes (2n) surrounded by follicular cells (these are primordial follicles). mature and follicular cells divide to form zona granulosa around egg. oocyte forms envelope called zona pellucida around itself, connective tissue around the whole thing = theca. theca produces hormones, follicle produces fluid and then oocyte has 1st meiosis, forms polar body, and it becomes a graffian follicle, oocyte is released during ovulation. if fertilized, the oocyte travels up fallopian tube and 2nd meiosis happens (2nd polar body forms). the follicle becomes corpus luteum after the oocyte leaves.

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28
Q

egg production

A

born with all eggs, then they are surrounded by follicle then mature then ovulated

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29
Q

graffian follicle

A

the stage of follicle after 1st meiosis before ovulation

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30
Q

gonads

A

testes/ovaries. ARE ENDOCRINE

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31
Q

male hormones

A

secrete cortical androgens from andrenal glands, testosterone from Leydig cells in testes

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32
Q

female hormones source

A

estradiol and progesterone from ovary

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33
Q

estradiol is made by..

A

thecal cells which modify cholesterol to androsteredione, then zona granulosa cells modify it to T and estradiol

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34
Q

progesterone is made..

A

corpus luteum usually (the follicle left after secondary oocyte is released) makes it. when pregnant, the adrenals and placenta make it too.

35
Q

opposite sex normal hormone levels

A

men have 10% female E lvls, women have 20% male T levels

36
Q

androgens purpose

A

control direction after indifferent phase (via SRY), and drop balls. generally used for protein synth and growth

37
Q

genital tubercle differential development

A

the tubercle will fold into clitoris or expand to form penis and the cloacal membrane will zip up into urethra

38
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

XY women have internal testes

39
Q

continuous reproducing animals examples

A

humans, rats, chickens

40
Q

seasonal reproducing examples

A

(based on ovary activity) birds in spring, deer in fall, dogs and cats 2-3 times/year

41
Q

estrus

A

period near ovulation, some verts can only reproduce during this time.

42
Q

opportunistic breeders

A

hormones from copulation make them fertile

43
Q

adenohypophysis

A

anterior part of pituitary gland. developed from oral ectoderm

44
Q

adenohypophysis produces..

A

follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and leutinizing hormone (LH) and other hormones

45
Q

pituitary gland parts

A

anterior is adenohypophysis made up of pars tuberalis (at top), pars intermedia (between the two lobes), and pars distalis (the main lobe of adeno-) and the posterior part is neurohypophysis

46
Q

pituitary gland origin

A

adenohypophysis - from oral ectoderm, neurohypophysis - from neural ectoderm.

47
Q

hypothalamus

A

gives signal to pituitary to produce hormones, by producing gonad releasing hormone (GnRH) which goes thru hypophyseal portal system to pituitary. constant production in males, cyclic in females

48
Q

FSH and LH in males

A

FSH enlarges testes and seminiferous tubules, causes Sertoli cells to produce androgen-binding protein (ABP). LH causes T production, enters tubules, binds ABP, promotes sperm maturation

49
Q

FSH and LH in females

A

grow follicles, follicles synth. estrogen. Thecal cells bind LH and are able to produce androgens. in zona granulosa, FSH activates cells to convert androgens to E.

50
Q

corpus luteum

A

“shell” of follicle left when egg leaves, contributes to endometrium and is either menstruated or contributes to the placenta if the egg was fertilized

51
Q

follicle growth due to hormones

A

LH causes thecal cells to produce androgens, and FSH causes the follicular cells to convert androgens to estrogen. this increases lining, and E causes thecal cells to develop more receptors to LH so positive feedback. eventual LH surge causes follicular cells to produce proteolytic enzymes and break down follicle wall > ovulation

52
Q

endometrium growth and shedding

A

GnRH causes growth of follicles until they have ovulated, the empty corpus luteum inhibits GnRH by making progesterone but stops if there is no fertilization, when progesterone drops the GnRH comes back and endometrium is shed.

53
Q

trophoblast

A

creates placenta via.. secretes endocrine > chorionic gonadotrophin to keep progesterone up, and keep endometrium from leaving.

54
Q

estrogen mimics

A

beer, plasticizers

55
Q

testosterone inhibitors

A

include DDT

56
Q

lamprey and hagfish reproductive tract

A

no passage, eggs are loose in coelum and leave via genital pore at end of archinephric duct

57
Q

amphibian reproductive tract (male)

A

testes connect to testis canal , efferent ductules, anterior opithonephros , archinephric duct. in most amphibians the urine goes thru here too. some salamanders have epididymus esque coiled sperm storage structure, toads can have vestigial oviduct in males

58
Q

chrondrichthyes ducts (male)

A

middle of duct has leydigs gland which secretes seminal fluid, widens to seminal vesicle (comes from oviduct) which contributes to fluid near cloaca.

59
Q

lungfish reproductive duct structure (male)

A

have separate sperm duct that joins with end of kidneys/opisthonephros.

60
Q

amniotes reproductive tracts (male)

A

separated urine and sperm. vas deferens comes from archinephric duct

61
Q

additional seminal fluid glands in amniotes

A

prostate, vesicular, bulbourethral glands. nourish and protect sperm

62
Q

intromittent organ

A

used for internal fertilization, only called a penis in mammals (usually has baculum there)

63
Q

which birds have peniseses

A

ducks, ratites, geese - primitive birds

64
Q

amphibians female reproductive anatomy

A

long oviduct, opening to catch eggs = infundibulum. cilia move eggs to passage, muscles pass them through. eggs coated in jelly by oviductal cells, may accumulate in the ovisac. external fertilization (sperm is sprayed on eggs)

65
Q

spermatophore

A

capsule of sperm produced by some salamanders to help sperm fertilize internally

66
Q

salamander vivipary

A

can happen, development is 2-4 years. larvae eat eggs, uterine lining, siblings..

67
Q

chrondrichthyes female reproduction

A

internal fertilization. ovipary, vivipary, ovivipary. few, large eggs. enlarged ostium to pass large eggs. yolk sac placenta is used for viviparous spp

68
Q

nidamental gland

A

secretes proteinacious egg case in sharks

69
Q

ostium

A

opening (through which eggs leave in sharks)

70
Q

bony fish female tracts

A

eggs go into coelum, expelled thru genital papilla in cloaca. millions of eggs, ext fertilization. some carry young after, some build nests, some just dump.

71
Q

bird reduction

A

right side ovary and oviduct gone

72
Q

reptile/bird tracts female

A

eggs enter infundibulum, fertilized in upper oviduct, secondary membranes and shell are added in lower oviduct. shell is porous with protein and calcium. make few large eggs, some lizards and snakes have vivipary

73
Q

monotreme female tracts

A

2 uteri lead to urogenital sinus and join with bladder tubes to empty at cloaca. eggs have eggshells but they are thin and flexible. development begins in the uterus but egg is still laid. milk is given after hatching.

74
Q

marsupial female tract

A

have a vagina (but 2), 2 uteri, 2 cervix, forked vagina (and males have bifid penis). young use yolk sac placenta and come out very early via pseudovaginal canal, attach to nipple in the marsupium (the pouch)

75
Q

eutherians with 2 uteri

A

rodents

76
Q

placenta thru orders

A

yolk sac - sharks, reptiles, marsupials (short development), chorioallantoic added in koala and eutherians (is chorioallantoic in eutherians)

77
Q

deciduous placenta

A

when the placenta sheds during birth. many eutherians have this, but some (inc pigs) dont as endometrium is more attached to placenta.

78
Q

testis contains (in mammals)

A

seminiferous tubules to contribute to semen, epididymus (connects it to the deferens duct), and the rete testis (smaller tubes to move sperms to the epididymus

79
Q

ducts during development male vs female

A

male keeps archinephric and undoes oviduct, female undoes archinephric and keeps oviduct

80
Q

anestrus

A

time when ovaries are inactive

81
Q

long day and short day breeders

A

long day - reproduce in summer, short day - reproduce in winter

82
Q

where are sterol derived hormones produced

A

adrenals, testes, ovaries, placenta. slow acting, long lasting changes

83
Q

solubility of hormones

A

ofc steroids pass thru membranes to cytoplasmic receptors

Anatomy (16 decks)

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