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Anatomy > "Skeleetal system" > Flashcards

"Skeleetal system" Flashcards

1
Q

chondrocranium in embryo

A

aka neurocranium. supports and covers sensory structures and brain. made of neural crest up to end of notochord and the rest mesoderm.

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2
Q

trabeculae

A

cartilages from neural crest (chrondro) fuses into ethmoid plate in development

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3
Q

parachordals

A

contribute to bones near notochord at the back of the head, occipital arch (chrondro)

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4
Q

chondrocranium contributes to..

A

temporal (both chondro and dermato), occipital (both chondro and dermato), sphenoid, ethmoid

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5
Q

splanchnocranium includes

A

aka visceral cranium. includes palatoquadrate/quadrate, mandibular/Meckel’s cartilage/articular, columella, epipterygoid, branchial arches, hyomandibula,

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6
Q

dermatocranium

A

provides most structure over top of splanch and chondro

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7
Q

dermatocranium forms..

A

temporal (both chondro and dermato), occipital (both chondro and dermato), parasphenoid bone, palatal series, lower jaw series, dermal roof, opercular/ gular series, choanae, sclerotic bones, dentary

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8
Q

the move to land skull adaptations

A

chondro= 2 bones to protect ear, 4 occipital bones for moving head. splanch= epipterygoid, dorsal hyoid becomes columella, branchial arches become hypobranchial apparatus for tongue, dermato = longer eye-snout distance and jaws, chonnae (internal nostrils), loss of opercular and gular, loss of connection to pectoral girdle

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9
Q

amphibian skull adaptations

A

lose a lot of bones (splanch and dermato), hyomandibula is used for tongue support, pharynx for breathing

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10
Q

reptile skull adaptations

A

diapsid, kinesis (flexible), bone thinned or thickened based on need.

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11
Q

fenestration terms

A

0 = anapsid (turtles), 1 = synapsid (mammals), 2 = diapsid (all reptiles except turtles)

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12
Q

bird skull adaptations

A

fuck having bones. sclerotic bones for eye movement, flexible skull, reduced brachial arches

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13
Q

mammal skull adaptations

A

most kinesis gone, occipital bones fused, enlarged nasal cavity, 2 otic bones unite to protect inner ear, masseter and temporalis muscles, temporomandibular joint for jaw and the quadrate and articular are in ear

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14
Q

axial skeleton includes..

A

notocord, spine, sternum, ribs, sacrum, medial fins

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15
Q

when do somites form

A

after neurulation (mid embryogenesis)

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16
Q

resegmentation

A

somite splits into anterior and posterior parts of vertebrae, muscles split (1 post and ant of next)

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17
Q

in mammals, the notochord..

A

becomes intervertebral discs

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18
Q

vertebrae purpose

A

protect notochord, nerve chord, dorsal aorta

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19
Q

intercentrum

A

bones on ventral side of spinal chord

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20
Q

pleurocentrum

A

bones on either side of spinal chord

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21
Q

holospondyly

A

when pleurocentrum and intercentrum fuse

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22
Q

aspidospondyly

A

when pleurocentrum and intercentrum are separate

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23
Q

types of centrum in spinal cords

A

amphicoelus (fish/sharks) surrounded by intervertebral pads and concave on both ends, not very flexible; heterocoelus (turtles and 11-25 in bird necks) saddle-shaped on both ends for lateral and vertical motion; procoelus (amphibians and reptiles) concave anterior and convex posterior like ball and socket for flexibility; opisthocoelus (ungulates) convex anterior and concave posterior; acoelus (mammals and birds) flat with intervertebral discs to distribute compressing force

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24
Q

spine changes through orders

A

chondrichthyans have notochord, bony fish ossify centrum and the rest are similar. bony fish have trunk and tail sections, amphibians add one cervical and one sacral (rest have multiple), mammals and birds add thoracic and lumbar sections

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25
Q

apophyses

A

poky bone site for muscle attachment

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26
Q

myosepta

A

muscle threads lateral to vertebrae in fish

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27
Q

zygapophyses

A

interlocking vertebrae (2 sites of attachment) to resist twisting

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28
Q

tetrapod ribs

A

attached at capitulum and tuberculum, attach at sternum in some animals using costal cartilage

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29
Q

costal

A

flexible

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30
Q

bird vertebrae

A

cervical are heterocoelus, end of thoracic and lumbar vertebrae fuse into synsacrum which attaches to innominate bone fused with pelvic girdle

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31
Q

mammal vertebrae/ribs

A

top 2 (head motion) - atlas and axis. ribs attach at thoracic vertebrae, lumbar sometimes has pleurapophyses (short ribs) for lateral support. 3-5 sacral vertebrae

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32
Q

appendicular skeleton

A

pectoral girdle and appendages and pelvic girdle. used for locomotion

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33
Q

the first paired limbs

A

armored fishes at bottom needed to swim and developed pectoral fins to prevent pitch and roll (supported by dermal pectoral girdle)

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34
Q

ray finned fish fins

A

the scapula and coracoid attach the pectoral girdle to 3 pterygiophores which have lepidotrichia (rays). most teleosts have tribasic fins and no cleithrum or clavicle. posttemporal connects skull to girdle. girdle = dermally derived

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35
Q

chondrichthyes fins

A

pectoral girdle connects to (fused) scapulocoracoid, the pterygiophores and the rays are called ceratotrichia (also tribasic). no dermal bone (obvs)

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36
Q

polypterus

A

ray-finned fish that has lungs and more dermal bone in limbs. woah

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37
Q

sarcopterygii fins

A

monobasic fin (single pterygiophore), then humerus and rays, and coelocanths have more pterygiophores on one axis (leading to limb formation)

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38
Q

tetrapod limb sections

A

SZA! (proximal>distal): stylopod (humerus/femur), zeugopod (radius and ulna/tibia and fibula), autopod (hand/foot bones)

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39
Q

tetrapod appendicular modifications

A

cleithrum, clavicle, scapulocoracoid, are no longer attached to head, interclavicle added, attaches pelvic girdle (ilium, ischium) to axial skeleton

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40
Q

olecranon

A

elbow bone

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41
Q

reptile and amphibian appendicular modifications

A

glenoid fossa for humerus articulation, we get elbows and sternum, scapula (shoulder blade), they have carpal fusion to strengthen hand (too many bones to protect). astragalus (fusion in foot) to increase rotation, frogs have long ilium with urostyle (made of fused sacral) for jumping

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42
Q

bird appendicular modifications

A

bipedal - legs rotated 90deg. tibia supports leg and fibula is greatly reduced to hold muscle. tibiotarsus - tibia and tarsals fuse. thin scapula, strong coracoid (flapping), fused clavicle, huge keeled sternum, strong pelvis (not fused, have articulation)

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43
Q

symphysis

A

fusion of bones

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44
Q

mammal appendicular modifications

A

large scapula for dorsal muscles, less bulky pelvis with larger posterior ilium opening for muscles (obturator foramen), longer stylopod, patella helps move tendon over knee joint, reduced number of carpals and tarsals, forearms become weak, radius rotates around ulna for arm rotation

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45
Q

elephant fact

A

femur head is to the side so they can stand on two feet, in other tetrapods it is medial

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46
Q

different forms of wings

A

dinosaurs - membrane connects to body, attached to a really long fourth finger and the first 3 are for gripping about halfway down. birds - middle 3 digits exist but don’t do much, feathers on post humerus, ulna, and hand bones. bats - 4 digits spread out with membrane, thumb is exposed for grasping

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47
Q

hyostyly

A

sharks, hyomandibula is attachment point for jaws so they can swivel

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48
Q

metautostyly

A

quadrate and articular attached to end of jaw so they can swivel (lizards)

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49
Q

autostyly

A

(mammals) upper jaw is fused to skull (dentary (lower) and squamosal (upper))

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50
Q

rostral

A

towards snout/front

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51
Q

transverse plane

A

cutting perpendicular to spine

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52
Q

lateral

A

towards left or right

53
Q

dorsal plane

A

cut down middle parallel to ground

54
Q

median/saggital plane

A

cut down spine

55
Q

tooth type terms

A

homodont/heterodont

56
Q

tooth replacement types

A

monophydont = 1 set (rodents), diphydont (most carnivores), polyphydont (fish, herps)

57
Q

tooth attachment types

A

acrodont - part of jawbone (chameleons, agamas, tuatara), pleurodont - attached to inner jaw - most amphibians, reptiles, thecodont - in sockets with tissue (crocodilians, mammals)

58
Q

differentiating metatherian and eutherian skulls

A

meta - holes in palate, triturbecular molars, has angular process of jaw that points in where eutherians just point back

59
Q

foramen magnum

A

fenestra for brainstem

60
Q

nares

A

hole for nose

61
Q

external auditory meatus

A

hole for ears

62
Q

carnassials

A

modified 4th premolar on top 1st molar on bottom, biggest teeth in carnivores

63
Q

diastema

A

space between incisors and molars, common in herbivores

64
Q

saggital crest

A

saggital ridge on top of skull in mammals with strong bites, to hold muscle

65
Q

notable bones added in reptile skull

A

palpebral (by eye), septomaxilla below nasal bone, quadrate (movable), quadratojugal, jugal, visible pterygoid, ectopterygoid

66
Q

snake extra teeth on

A

pterygoid, palatine, vomer

67
Q

stapes/columella

A

cartilage that transmits sound

68
Q

meckel’s cartilage

A

allows movement of lower jaw

69
Q

archosaurs

A

birds and crocodilians, crocs have thecodont dentition

70
Q

human ear ossicle are derived..

A

quadrate, articular, columella/stapes

71
Q

mammal jaw articulation bones

A

squamosal and dentary

72
Q

vomer has teeth in..

A

frogs

73
Q

endochondral bone

A

cartilage derived (splanchno and chondro)

74
Q

where does dermatocranial bone originate

A

dermis

75
Q

unique mammal skull structures

A

sagittal crest, zygomatic arch, temporal, alisphenoid (homologous to
epipterygoid), interparietal, occipital, incus and malleus, tympanic bulla, presphenoid, hamulus (jaw process)

76
Q

what are ear quadrate and articular called for mammals

A

incus (homologous to quadrate), malleus (homologous to articular),

77
Q

splanchnochranially derived bones

A

Quadrate. Epipterygoid
* Stapes/columella
* Articular

78
Q

synsacrum

A

fused bone in birds which incorporates thoracic, lumbar, sacral, caudal vertebrae. helps them remain upright for flight

79
Q

innominate bone

A

(in birds), composed of ilium, ischium, and pubis

80
Q

thoracic vertebrae

A

attachment points for ribs, right after the cervical

81
Q

lumbar vertebrae

A

lower back

82
Q

paired fin origin hypotheses

A

gill arch hypothesis, and fin fold (one large thing on either side in development becomes divided into multiple fins)

83
Q

placoderms

A

armored headed fish ancestors who used fins for stability

84
Q

which bones are dermally derived

A

(these are first created as bone. dermatocranial) the skull dermato and the clavicle, interclavicle, cleithrum, posttemporal

85
Q

dermatocranium composition in skull

A

mesoderm at back, neural crest at front (division is start of notochord)

86
Q

spine formation

A

sclerotome migrates around neural tube and notochord.

87
Q

why did ribs arise in bony fish+ rib names

A

protect viscera, site for muscle attachment. dorsal = intermuscular, ventral = subperitoneal

88
Q

scapulocoracoid

A

fused shoulder component found in chondrichthyes

89
Q

obturator foramen

A

hole in pelvis for muscles in mammals

90
Q

compare lungfish and coelacanth

A

coelacanth is closer to tetrapod limb, lungfish just monobasic

91
Q

basal bony fish body plan

A

cleithrum and clavicle occur in pectoral area, the pelvic girdle is 2 plates just floating in the back, not attached to spine.

92
Q

fish rib attachment

A

ribs attach ventrally to the vertebrae compared to tetrapod ribs, have 2 different points (1 for each set of ribs)

93
Q

facet joint

A

joint btwn processes of 2 vertebrae (dorsal to centrum)

94
Q

branchial basket origin in agnathans

A

splanchnocranium

95
Q

pleurapophyses

A

short ribs found on lumbar section for some mammals

96
Q

ilium

A

top/outside/large part of pelvis

97
Q

ischium

A

bottom/outside of pelvis that surrounds some of obturator foramen

98
Q

pubis

A

middle/inside area of pelvis

99
Q

acetabulum

A

socket for femur

100
Q

chrondrichthyes appendicular structures

A

Puboischiac bar, Iliac process (top of ventral back fins), Clasper(on pelvic fins for males), scapulocoracoid made up of Scapular process/Scapular cartilage (top of front fins pointing medially) and Coracoid bar (medial)

101
Q

osteoichthyes appendicular structures

A

Posttemporal (spiky), Supracleithrum and Postcleithrum (come above head around to cleithrum), Cleithrum (holds scapulocoracoid), Clavicle (on tip of cleithrum),
Scapulocoracoid (supports fin), Lepidotrichia

102
Q

amphibian unique appendicular structures

A

Suprascapular cartilage, Procoracoid cartilage (point of attachment for humerus), Coracoid cartilage (extends out from scapula), Pubic cartilage (anterior to ischiac cartilage), Ischiac cartilage (anterior to ischium).

103
Q

just frog unique appendicular structures

A

Radioulna, Tibiofibula, (fused zeugopod) ilium fused with a bunch of stuff(urostyle)

104
Q

turtle unique appendicular structures

A

arm attached to girdle by coracoid, scapula in between, Procoracoid (acromion) above. also Epipubic cartilage (anterior to pubis)

105
Q

snake unique appendicular structures

A

pelvic spurs

106
Q

crocodilian unique appendicular structures

A

Fibulare (calcanuem) - foot bone under fibula, Tibiale (astragalus) - foot bone under tibia, Suprascapular cartilage, Coracoid (next to humerus, holds clavicle), Interclavicle

107
Q

bird unique appendicular structures

A

Innominate bone (fused ilium, ischium, pubis), Tibiotarsus, Tarsometatarsus (leg bone below tibiotarsus), Coracoid, Triosseal canal, Carpometacarpus (fused carpals and metacarpals), Furcula (fused clavicle, interclavicle)

108
Q

processes of centra - GENERAL

A
  • basapophysis (transverse process)
  • pre- and post-zygapophysis (articulations between successive vertebrae).
  • hypapophysis (bony nodule on ventral side of centrum and present in some
    vertebrae of reptiles, birds and mammals; see Dasypeltis snakes)
109
Q

ID atlas

A

no neural spine

110
Q

ID axis

A

odontoid process

111
Q

ID cervical

A

transverse foramena

112
Q

ID thoracic + facet names

A

tall neural spine, on sides they have diapophysis on top (full facet, to tuberculum) and parapophysis below (demifacet that connects to capitulum)

113
Q

ID lumbar

A

spine and mammillary processes (front), giant forward facing transverse processes

114
Q

ID sacral + structure name

A

very spiky and weird looking, Intervertebral foramen hole on top among spikes

115
Q

ID caudal

A

has hemal arch, barely any gap

116
Q

fish vertebrae

A

trunk - one spine, caudal - two spines (hemal canal below)

117
Q

axial oddities

A

amphibians wide transverse process of sacrum connects to urostyle (extended pelvis area for jumping). capitulum of rib - where rib attaches between vertebrae in turtles, pygostyle at end of free caudal for birds, uncinate process (spike on ribs!) for birds, birds have like 1 thoracic and 3 caudal not fused to other stuff, coccyx in tailless mammals is on bottom of sacrum.

118
Q

how to tell A/P side of vertebrae

A

pre- is dorsal, post- is ventrally attached

119
Q

triosseal canal

A

in birds, the hole btwn furcula, scapula, and coracoid

120
Q

what does the atlas articulate with

A

occipital condyles of the skull

121
Q

sections of autopod

A

mesopod - carpal/tarsals, acropod - metacarpal/tarsal and digit bones

122
Q

foot posture names

A

plantigrade (flat - humans, bears, reptiles), digitagrade (cats, dogs), unguligrade (ungulates)

123
Q

body stance types

A

sprawling, parasagittal- semi-erect (horses etc), erect

124
Q

acetabulum

A

femur socket

125
Q

when did atlas and axis arise

A

amphibians have atlas, rest of tetrapods have both

126
Q

reptilian lower jaw

A

articular, angular, coronoid, surangular, dentary

127
Q

processes of radius and ulna

A

unla - semilunar notch, olecranon process, radius - bicipital tuberosity, both have styloid processes on the bottom

128
Q

humerus processes

A

delt and pectoral ridges, greater and lesser tuberosities at the head, olecranon fossa

129
Q

scapula processes

A

glenoid fossa, metacromion (on ridge), coracoid process

Anatomy (16 decks)

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