Clinical Descriptions in Renal

Question 1

Non infective inflammation of glomerulus, can be primary or secondary

Answer 1

Glomerulunephritis

Question 2

Bacterial infection of renal pelvis, calyces, tubule and interstitium

Answer 2

Pyelonephritis

Question 3

What is the most common organism causing pyelonephritis?

Answer 3

E.coli

Question 4

Tuberculous pyelonephritis?

Answer 4

haemotgenous spread, usually from lung, typical caeseating granulomatous formation

Question 5

acute inflammation of bladder

Answer 5

cystitis

Question 6

dilatation of pelvicalcyeal system, with parenchymal atrophy

Answer 6

hydronephrosis

Question 7

Main causes of hydronephrosis?

Answer 7

urinary tract obstruction and reflux

Question 8

abscence of one or both kidneys

Answer 8

agenesis

Question 9

small kidneys but with normal developemtn

Answer 9

hypoplasia

Question 10

Fusion at either pole (usually lower)

Answer 10

horseshoe kidney

Question 11

Very common, usually doesnt cause any functional disease, often incidental finding

Answer 11

simple cysts

Question 12

can be recessive or dominant (more common), causes renal enlargement and cysts

Answer 12

polycystic kidney disease

Question 13

common, white nodules, medullary origin

Answer 13

fibroma

Question 14

yellowish nodules, less than 2cm, cortical origin

Answer 14

adenoma

Question 15

Mix of fat, muscle and blood vessels, can be multiple and bilateral, associated with tuberous scleoriris

Answer 15

angiomyolipoma

Question 16

Production of renin causes secondary hypertension from this

Answer 16

JGCT

Question 17

Production of renin causes secondary hypertension from this

Answer 17

JGCT (juxtaglomerular cell tumour)

Question 18

tumour of renal pelvis and calcyces

Answer 18

urothelial carcinomas

Question 19

commonest primary renal tumour in adults, more common in males, clear cell cancer

Answer 19

renal cell carcinoma

Question 20

benign renal masses

Answer 20

oncocytoma

Question 21

occurs in transitional epithelium, makes up 90% of bladder tumours

Answer 21

transitional cell tumours

Question 22

extrovesion, glandular metplasia, urachal remnants

Answer 22

adenocarcinoma

Question 23

commonest malignant bladder tumour in children

Answer 23

embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 24

occurs in uncircumcised men, related to poort hygeine and HPV

Answer 24

SCC of penis

Question 25

Complication of BPH, can be spontaneous or precipitated

Answer 25

acute urinary retention

Question 26

dramatic urine output following obstruction

Answer 26

post-obstructive diuresis

Question 27

formed when urine is supersaturated with salt and minerals

Answer 27

renal calculus

Question 28

Most common in puberty, can occur with trauma or athletic activity, but usually random

Answer 28

torsion of spermatic cord

Question 29

Rare in kids, may be difficult to distinguish from testicular torsion

Answer 29

epididymitis

Question 30

often happens after foreskin is retracted for catherization and staff members forget to replace it

Answer 30

paraphimosis

Question 31

prolonged erection (more than 4 hrs)

Answer 31

priapism

Question 32

form of necrotizing fasciitis occuring in male genitals

Answer 32

Fournier's gangrene

Question 33

acute necrotizing parenchymal and perirenal infection caused by gas forming uropathogens, usually e.coli, usually occuring in diabetics

Answer 33

emphysematous pyelonephritis

Question 34

usually resulting from rupture of acute cortical abscess into perinephric space, or from haemotgenous spread from infection

Answer 34

perinephric abscess

Question 35

injury commonly associated with pelvic fracture

Answer 35

bladder injury

Question 36

injury associated with fracture of pubic rami

Answer 36

urethral injury

Question 37

typically happens during intercourse, buckling injury when penis slips out of vagina and strikes pubic

Answer 37

penile fracture

Question 38

Increase in size of prostate, without malignancy

Answer 38

BPH

Question 39

Most common cancer affecting men in UK

Answer 39

prostate cancer

Question 40

90% are transitional cell

Answer 40

bladder cancer

Question 41

Pre malignant lesions causing white patches and fissuring etc at glans/prepuce

Answer 41

balanitis xerotica obliterans

Question 42

Erythroplasia of glands, prepuce or shaft of penis

Answer 42

SCC of penis

Question 43

urine leaking by extraurethral route

Answer 43

overflow incontinence

Question 44

may be due to detrusor overactivity, causes frequency and small voided columes

Answer 44

urge incontinence

Question 45

Urine leaks when there is increased abdo pressure, due to damaged floow or urethral

Answer 45

stress incontinence

Question 46

combination of stress and urge incontinence

Answer 46

mixed incontinence