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Clinical Pathology > CNS infections- bacterial meningitis. > Flashcards

CNS infections- bacterial meningitis. Flashcards

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1
Q

are encephalitis and meningitis typically viral or bacterial

A

viral

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2
Q

are brain abscesses typically viral or bacterial

A

bacterial

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3
Q

through what 2 mechanisms can pathogens enter the brain and it’s surroundings

A

blood bourne - cross the blood brain barrier or the blood- CSF barrier.
peripheral nerves

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4
Q

why do the levels of protein increase during bacterial and viral infections

A

Presence of dead cells result in higher levels of proteins

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5
Q

why do the levels of glucose decrease upon viral and bacterial infection

A

bacteria and viruses use glucose as a substrate for there energy so that they can function

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6
Q

what type of bacteria neisseria meningitides

A

gram negative diplococcic

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7
Q

what medium does neisseria meningitides require to grow

A

blood

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8
Q

what is the natural habitat of neisseria meningitides in the body.

A

nasopharynx

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9
Q

how does the neisseria meningitides survive in the body.

A

Modifies host inflammatory process to survive.

Capsule- protects against complement mediated bacteriolysis and phagocytosis

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10
Q

how is neisseria meningitides detected

A

PCR

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11
Q

what age group do neisseria meningitides affects

A

Affects

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12
Q

complications of neisseria meningitides infection.

A
  • Fulminant (suddenly occurring) septicaemia
  • Septicaemia with purpuric rash
  • Septicaemia with meningitis
  • Pyogenic (purulent) meningitis with no rash
  • Chronic meningococcal bacteraemia with arthralgia
  • Focal sepsis
  • Conjunctivitis, endophthalmitis
  • Non-blanching rash
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13
Q

treatment for neisseria meningitides infection.

A

antibiotics -Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, Penicillin

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14
Q

prevention of neisseria meningitides infection.

A

vaccines

Active against Group A and C and W135, Group B

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15
Q

what medium does haemophilius influenza require to grow.

A

blood

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16
Q

what type of bacteria is haemophilius influenza

A

Small, pleopmorphic Gram negative cocco-bacilli or bacilli

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17
Q

how many antigenic types of haemophilius influenza are there

A

6 types.

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18
Q

which antigenic type of haemophilius influenza in the most invasive

A

type b

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19
Q

Which organisms typically carry and host haemophilius influenza

A

humans

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20
Q

haemophilius influenza is found were commonly in the body

A

upper respiratory tract

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21
Q

treatment for haemophilius influenza

A

Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime

Ampicillin

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22
Q

what chemoprophylaxis antibiotic is given to prevent invasive haemophilius influenza and neissera meningitidis

A

rifampicin

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23
Q

prevention of haemophilia influenza

A

H. Influenza Type B conjugates vaccines

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24
Q

what type of bacteria is streptococcus pneumonia

A

Gram positive cocci

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25
what media is required for streptococcus pneumonia to grow
blood or serum
26
where is the normal habitat for streptococcus pneumonia
respiratory tract
27
how does transmission of streptococcus pneumonia occur
via droplet spread occur.
28
treatment for streptococcus pneumonia
Ceftriaxone, cefotaxime, Penicillin
29
is chemoprophylaxis offered for invasive streptococcus pneumonia infections
no.
30
prevention of streptococcus pneumonia
Conjugate vaccine available against common serotypes
31
what groups of people are streptococcus pneumoniae infections common amongst
elderly and immunosuppressed
32
when are strides administered in meningitis infections
Must be given shortly before or with first dose of antibiotics
33
what is a commonly used steroid in meningitis.
Dexamethasone
34
dexamethasone (steroid), decreases the levels of what antibiotic in CSF
vancomycin
35
common pathogens which cause neonatal meningitis
* Group B beta haemolytic Streptococci * Escherichia coli * Listeria monocytogenes
36
bacteria Listeria monocytogenes is associated with what types of food
cheese, pate.
37
where do the pathogens which infect neonates arise from
pathogens in the birth canal- from the gut.
38
``` define in terms of days early intermediate late neonatal meningitis ```
early 5 days
39
what is the treatment for neonatal meningitis
* Cefotaxime * Ampicillin – against all streptococci * Gentamicin- against E coli.
40
complications of meningitis
* Death * Overwhelming sepsis * Raised intracranial pressure * Longer term problems * Deafness * Delayed development * Seizures * Stroke * Hydrocephalus
41
what antibiotic can be used for all streptococci infections
ampicillin
42
what type of pathogen most commonly causes lymphocytic meningitis
Virus- enetrovirus and herpes simplex
43
what is the name of the bacteria which via a STI can cause meningitis
spirochete | causes syphillitic meningitis
44
what bacteria can cause lyme disease
spirochete
45
Is TB meningitis slow onset or fast onset
slow
46
how is TB diagnosed
AFB (acid fast bacilli) Ziehl Neelsen stain- alcohol and acid fast- if caused by Tb the stain doesn’t go when washed with alcohol. Fluorescent antibody stain-easily see bacteria.
47
treatment for TB meningitis
12 months standard TB treatment and steroids.
48
where is toxoplasma gondii pathogen typically found
cat faeces
49
what types of brain infection does Toxoplasma gondii cause
encepahlitis
50
what group of individuals does Toxoplasma gondii most commonly affect
immunocompromised
51
what type of brain infection does Cryptococcus cause
meningitis
52
In what chronic condition is cryptococcus meningitis a end stage complication
HIV
53
treatment for Cryptococcus meningitis
Amphotericin, flucytosine or fluconazole.
54
is Cryptococcus meningitis slow or fast onset
slow.
55
what is the most common cause of encephalitis
Japanese encephalitis
56
prevention for Japanese encephalitis
vaccine
57
how is Japanese encephalitis transmitted form person to person
arbovirus transmitted by arthropod vectors
58
treatment for Japanese encephalitis
aciclovir and maybe steroids
59
The bites of which 3 animals cause rabies encephalitis
dog, fox or bat bite.
60
prevention of rabies encephalitis
vaccine
61
what type of bacteria is clostridium tetani
Gram positive spore forming bacillus
62
what shape is the clostridium tetani
drumstick
63
in what conditions does the clostridium tetani thrive
anaerobic
64
How is clostridium tetani most commonly obtained
wound which is contaminated with soil
65
pathogenesis of clostridium tetani
toxin spreads via bloodstream and retrograde tarnsport binds to ganglioside receptors and blocks release of inhibitory interneurones causes convulsive contraction of voluntary muscles
66
most common symptom of clostridium tetani
muscle spasm
67
what parts of the body are most commonly affected by clostridium tetani muscle spasms
– Trismus- spams of the jaw – Opisthotonus- hyperextension and spasticity in which an individual's head, neck and spinal column enter into a complete "bridging" or "arching" position. Respiratory difficulties cardiovascular instability
68
define Trismus
spasm of jaw
69
define Opisthotonus
hyperextension and spasticity in which an individual's head, neck and spinal column enter into a complete "bridging" or "arching" position.
70
treatment for clostridium tetani
Antitoxin (horse or human) | Penicillin or metronidazole
71
treatment for muscle spasm in clostridium tetani
o Muscle relaxants | o Respiratory support
72
prevention of clostridium tetani
o Toxoid- antibody against the toxin. | o Vaccine

Clinical Pathology (45 decks)

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