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Combank Q Flashcards

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1
Q

Parasympathetic stimulation of the parietal cells is mediated through what neurotransmitter and through what receptor?

A

Acetylcholine

-M3 muscarinic receptor which operates through a Gq protein releasing phospholipase C (IP3/DAG pathway)

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2
Q

What are the laboratory findings in grave’s disease for the following:

Serum T4

Free T4

Serum TSH

1,2,3-Iodine Uptake

A

Serum T4: High

Free T4: High

Serum TSH: Low

Thyroid Iodine Uptake: HIGH

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3
Q

What type HIV drug would be given to a pregnant Pt?

What is the MOA of thses drugs?

What are some names of these drugs?

A

NRTIs (nucleoside reverse-tramscriptase inhibitors)

  • Competitive inhibtion of RNA-dependant-DNA-polymerase and termination of the DNA chain
  • Zidovudine, lamivudine, abacavir, tenofovir, emtricitobine
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4
Q

What part of the lung does M. tuberculosis prefer? Why?

A

The apacies

Obligate aerobe.

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5
Q

What kind of psychiatric disorder is chracterized by aggression towards people or animals, antisocial tendancies, decitfulness and serious violations of rules?

A

Conduct disorder

BAD

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6
Q

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is Gullian-Barre syndrome? Why?

A

Type IV

–> It is caused by antigenic activation of T-cells leading to macrophage activation.

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7
Q

Pt. with ammenorehea, loss of vision, and galactorrhea with recent history of peptic ulcer disease. Explain:

A

MEN1–> Wermer syndrome

MEN1 typically presents with petuitary adenoma, parathyroid tumor and tumors of the pancreas.

Vison changes and galactorrhea–> PRL secreting Petuitary adenoma

PUD–> Gastrin secreting adenoma of the pancreas.

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8
Q

What muscles are affected in carpel tunnel syndrome?

A

Opponens pollicis, abductor policis brevis, flexor policis brevis

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9
Q

Pt. immigrates from central america with cough and fever. KOH of sputum reveals multiple yeast budding concentrically from a larger yeast. What bug?

A

Paracoccioides brasiliensis

Looks like a “Pilot’s Wheel”

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10
Q

This electrolyte abnormality can cause Digoxin toxicity. How?

A

Hypercalcemia

Digoxin increases ionotropy by inhibiting Na+/K+-ATPase and thereby increases intracellular Ca+ by decreasing the activity of the Na+/Ca++ exchanger present on the sarcoplasmic retuculum.

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11
Q

Drug that is effective in treating the pain from post herpetic neuralgia.

A

Amiltriptyline

(all TCAs)

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12
Q

Infant being weaned from the breast is experiecing vomiting, nausea, and hypoglycemia.

What is the problem? What builds up?

A

Heriditary fructose intollerance.

Aldolase B deficiency

“All-dose ladies B-tol(erance) in their foot-toes (fructose) shoes”

Frutose-1-phosphate builds up becuase it is trapped in the cell but is unable to be converted to GAP and DHAP by aldolase.

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13
Q

Most common cause of testicular mass in an infant male?

Marker and cell type present?

A

Yolk sac tumor

Schiller-Duvall Bodies

Alpha-fetoprotein positive

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14
Q

Angina that is caused by physical activity and relieved by NO or rest is characterized by what EKG finding?

A

ST segment depression

–> ischemia that does not fully penetrate the wall

AKA Stable angina

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15
Q

A serum ascities-albumin gradient (SAAG) of what value is a cutoff? What does this mean?

What is the equation to calculate the SAAG?

A

>1.1g/dL indicates that the ascities is due to portal HTN

<1.1 indicates that the ascites is due to decreased plasma colloid oncotic pressure

SAAG= (Serum albumin) - (Ascitic Albumin)

–> This makes sense because as long as your ascitic albumin is low, then water is not being drawn out into the abdominal cavity

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16
Q

Reactivation of TB is what kind of hypersensitivity reaction?

A

Type IV–> delayed type T cell response

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17
Q

Isoniazide can cause depletion of what vitamin?

A

B6

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18
Q

Prolonged PT time and hemarthosis as well as prolonged surgery bleeding is cause by a deficiency in what branch of the coagulation pathway?

A

Extrinsic pathway

Factor VII

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19
Q

What is the believed cause of aspiring induced asthma?

A

Leukotriene excess

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20
Q

Surfactant is produced by

A

Type II pneumocytes

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21
Q

A somatostatinoma will cause what S&S?

A
  • Hyperglycemia (due to insulin oposition)
  • Steatorrhea
  • Cholelithiasis
  • Hypochlorhydria
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22
Q

Somatostatin is produced where?

A

In the Delta cells of the pancreas

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23
Q

MOA of amilioride and triamterine?

A

Inhibit Na/K-ATPase in the distal convuluted tubule

–> K sparing

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24
Q

Pancreatic chapman point?

A

Between ribs 7 and 8 on the right

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25
Magnesium toxicity will present initially with increased or decreased DTR? Why?
Decreased Mg opposes Ca entry and therefore Ach release from the presynaptic neurons
26
Characteristic finding on biopsy of brain with rabies?
Negri bodies
27
Tapeworm found in dog feces that causes hydatid cyst disease? Tx?
Echinococcus granulosus Tx with **Albendazole**
28
Most important metabolic abnormalities with acute alcohol toxicity?
-Hypoglycemia--\> due to increased NADH from acetate formation leading to decreased gluconeogenisis --\>lactic acidosis from the hypoglycemia
29
What is the purpose of the RB gene?
Holds DNA in the G1 phase until it is ready for cell division
30
Night terrors and enuresis occur durring what stage of sleep? What is the characteristic of this stage on EEG?
Stage 3 Delta waves
31
Supination of the foot involves what three movements?
Inversion, adduction and plantarflexion
32
MOA of aminoglycosides? Major side effect? Example of drug?
Bind to and inhibit 30s subunit Ototoxicity--\> contraindicated in pregnancy Gentamicin
33
Most common cause of epididymitis in middle age? Tx?
Chlamydia trachomatis Ceftriaxone and Doxycycline
34
Triad of Bachet syndrome? What HLA
Oral ulcers Genital ulcers Uveitis HLA-B51
35
Renal cell carcinoma has a strong association with this genetic abnormality
Von-Hippel Lindau Autosomal dominant
36
Children who walk on their toes?
Duschenes muscular dystrophy
37
MOA and use of methylphenedate?
Block NE and Dopamine reuptake Used in ADHD
38
Cerebral palsy pts have this characteristic gait
Scissoring gait Extreme adductor hypertonicity
39
Focal segmental glomerulonephritis is associated with what two chronic illnesses?
HIV and Narcotic abuse
40
Mass in the right upper quadrant in a patient with recent weight loss and is a long term smoker
Pancreatic cancer Couvoisier's sign--\> caused by obstruction of the bile duct by the head of the pancreas
41
Tumor marker associated with pancreatic cancer
CA 19-9
42
Which vitamin deficiency is associated with angular chelitis?
Vitamin B2--\> Riboflavin
43
A mutation in what chromosome is resposible for sickle cell anemia? AR or AD?
Chromosome 11 AR
44
ash leaf spots (hypopigmentation), angiofibromas, cardiac rhabdomyomas, mental retardation
Tuberous sclerosis AD
45
Level and dermatographic distribution of the medial antebrachial cutaneous N.?
C8-T1 Medial forearm
46
Function and innervation of the biceps femoris?
Knee flexion and hip extension - Long head is innervated by the Sciatic (L5-S3) - Short head is innervated by the common peroneal branch of the sciatic (L5-S2)
47
Hepatits form that replicates via a reverse transcriptase?
Hepatits B
48
This form of hepatitis coats itself with LDL and VLDL to infect hepatocytes
Hepatitis C
49
This type of hepatitis has high fetal and pegnancy mortality
Hepatitis E
50
Crainal manipulation of this bone is indicated in AOM
Temporal. Most of the eustation tube is closely associated with the temporal bone.
51
First line Tx of diabetes?
Metformin
52
What are the first gen atypical antipsychotics? What are their MOAs?
Fluphenazine, haloperidol, droperidol, chlropromazine, thioridizine --\> Inhibition at D2 receptors
53
CAG trinucleotide repeat
Huntington disease --\>anticipation caused by alippage of the DNA polymerase during transcription
54
CGG repeat?
Fragile X syndrome
55
Study of choice to determin disease prevelance in a population?
Cross sectional
56
Drug commonly used as an antispasmotic in COPD and has a common side effect of dry mouth?
Theophylline PDEi
57
DOC for A. isralii causing 'lumpy jaw' abscess. (yellow granular discharge)
Penicillin
58
H2 blockers like the ones used in GERD all end in what?
-DINE Rinitidine, cimetidine, famotadine etc
59
Tinitus, sensoryneural hearing loss, and vertigo Roaring in the ears and spinning room
Menier's disease
60
What two muscles are tested with the finklestein test?
Abductor pollicis longus Extensor pollicis brevis
61
Amiodarone can cause what respiratory abnormality?
Pulmonary fibrosis

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