Communicable Diseases / Immune System

Question 1

what does the immune system do?

Answer 1

destroys pathogens and toxins, protects us from invading pathogens in the future

Question 2

what does the immune system involve?

Answer 2

white blood cells

Question 3

what are the functions of the white blood cells?

Answer 3

phagocytosis, antibodies and antitoxins

Question 4

what is the process of phagocytosis?

Answer 4

-engulfing and destroying pathogens
-killing pathogens inside

Question 5

what is the process of antibodies?

Answer 5

-lymphocytes
-detects pathogens that make antibodies
-bind to the antigens
-produce memory cells

Question 6

what is the process of antitoxins?

Answer 6

-stick to toxin molecules
-prevent them from damaging cells

Question 7

what is a communicable disease?

Answer 7

diseases cause by pathogens which can spread

Question 8

what is a non-communicable disease?

Answer 8

can develop due to different risk factors and cannot spread between individuals

Question 9

what are ways to stop communicable diseases from spreading?

Answer 9

-stay in bubbles
-keeping your distance from people
-staying inside
-constantly disinfecting

Question 10

what is an antigen, antibody and antitoxin?

Answer 10

antigen - molecule found on the surface of a cell
antibody - protein made by lymphocytes
antitoxin - protein that neutralises toxins

Question 11

what are 3 types of viral disease?

Answer 11

-measles
- tobacco mosoic virus
-HIV

Question 12

what are the features of measles?
(spread, symptoms, treatment, prevent spread)

Answer 12

-droplet infection
-rash/fever
-isn’t one
-vaccinations

Question 13

what are the features of TMV?

Answer 13

-contact with plants
-discolouration/affects growth
-isn’t one
-good field hygiene

Question 14

what are the features of HIV?
(spread, symptoms, treated, prevent)

Answer 14

-sexual contact/bodily fluids
-flu—like illness
-antiretroviral drugs
-vaccinations

Question 15

what are 2 types of bacterial disease?

Answer 15

gonorrhoea and salmonella

Question 16

what are the features of gonorrhoea?

Answer 16

-yellow/green discharge
-redness/inflamation
-spread unprotected sex
-antibiotics (penicillin)

Question 17

what are the features of salmonella?

Answer 17

-fever/abdominal cramps/diarrhoea/vomiting
-spread by contaminated food
-chickens are vaccinated against salmonella

Question 18

what is an example of a fungal disease?

Answer 18

rose black spot

Question 19

what are the features of rose black spot?

Answer 19

-discolouration of leaves meaning less chloroplasts (photosynthesis cannot be carried out)
-spores carries by wind or water
-leaves can be removed and burned

Question 20

what is an example of a protist disease?

Answer 20

malaria

Question 21

what are the features of malaria?

Answer 21

-recurrent fever and shaking
-spread by mosquito vectors
-antibiotics but if resistant, then reduce mosquito populations

Question 22

what are some examples of non-specific defence systems?

Answer 22

-skin
-nose
-trachea and bronchi
-stomach

Question 23

what is active immunity?

Answer 23

when the body produces its own antibodies

Question 24

what is passive immunity?

Answer 24

the injection of antibodies (isn’t long term, doesn’t produce memory cells)

Question 25

what does a vaccine involve cell wise?

Answer 25

dead or weakened versions of the cell you are tying to prevent

Question 26

how does a vaccine make a person immune?

Answer 26

-inject dead/weakened version -body produces antibodies which help fight it, as well as producing antigens -antigens specifically bond to pathogen, attacking it -next time body comes into reach with same pathogen, you will not be affected due to memory cells

Question 27

what is Coronary Heart Disease?

Answer 27

it involves layers of fatty materials building up inside coronary arteries

Question 28

what are causes of CHD?

Answer 28

-blood becomes restricted -blood pressure -high cholesterol -coronary artery blocked by fatty foods

Question 29

what does a blocked artery lead to?

Answer 29

-blood supply to heart is cut off -heart attacks if not treated

Question 30

what is a statin?

Answer 30

a type of drug that reduces blood cholesterol levels to slow down the rate at which fatty material is deposited in the coronary arteries

Question 31

what is a stent?

Answer 31

a metal mesh tube placed in the artery to hold it open

Question 32

what are advantages and disadvantages of stents?

Answer 32

ADVANTAGES -last a long time -a simple minor surgery -reduces risk of heart attack DISADVANTAGES -risk of blood clot -risk of infection -risk of damage to blood vessel

Question 33

what are advantages and disadvantages of statins?

Answer 33

ADVANTAGES -reduces levels of ‘bad’ cholesterol -increases levels of ‘good’ cholesterol DISADVANTAGES -need to be taken regularly and long term -take some time to have an effect -muscle and joint pain, kidney problems

Question 34

what are advantages and disadvantages of artificial hearts?

Answer 34

ADVANTAGES -short waiting times -less chance of rejection DISADVANTAGES -don’t work as well -increased blood clots, may lead to strokes