Compounding II/Excipients

Question 1

What is the most accurate device for measuring small volumes? And especially useful for measuring viscous liquids (glycerin, mineral oil)

Answer 1

syringes

Question 2

Patients receiving a liquid who require a very accurate dose should use what optio

Answer 2

oral syringe

Question 3

What is used in compounding to transfer drugs and additives into IV bags?

Answer 3

hypodermic (parenteral) syringes

Question 4

What is used to make secure, leak-free connections between syringes, catheters, and IV lines?

Answer 4

leur locks

Question 5

what is the difference between a volumetric and Mohr pipette?

Answer 5

volumetric = draws up a set volume only

Mohr = graduated and is used to measure different volumes, more commonly used in compounding

Question 6

What is the name of the older balance?

Answer 6

Class III torsion balance (Class A balance)

Question 7

How do you calculate the minimum weighable quantity?

Answer 7

MWQ = sensitivity requirement/acceptable error rate (0.05 or 0.5%)

EX: SR = 6mg

6/0.05 = 120mg
*not required for a modern electric balance

Question 8

Which mortar is used for liquids, such as suspensions and solutions and for mixing compounds that are oily or can stain?

Answer 8

glass mortars

Question 9

Which mortars have a rough surface and are preferred for grinding dry crystals and hard powders?

Answer 9

wedgewood

Question 10

which mortars have a smooth surface and are preferred for blending powders and pulvernizing gummy consistencies?

Answer 10

porcelain

Question 11

what is a sieve?

Answer 11

a sifter, which ensures a uniform particle size

Question 12

ointment mills, homogenizers and grinders are used for

Answer 12

mixing ingredients

Question 13

which of these: ointment mills, homogenizers and grinders

reduce the particle size which increases the surface area and the rate of drug absorption

Answer 13

ointment mills and grinders

Question 14

_______ draws the ointment between rollers that grind and homogenize the ingredients

Answer 14

ointment mill

Question 15

A ______ can be used to mix ointments, creams or other semi solid preparations

Answer 15

homogenizer

Question 16

what do you use when the temp needs to be carefully controlled

Answer 16

a water bath

Question 17

capsules are made from

Answer 17

gelatin

hypromellose

Question 18

capsule sizes range from

Answer 18

000 (largest) to 5 (smallest)

Question 19

Where are recommended compounding ingredients listed ?

Answer 19

USP national formulary (USP NF)

Food chemicals Codex (FCC)

preferred manufatcured at a FDA registered facility

Question 20

If any substance comes from a non-FDA registered facility what is required?

Answer 20

CoA certificate of analysis (confirms specifications and quality)

Question 21

What does the pharmacist assign an ingredient without an expiration date?

Answer 21

no more than 3 years from the date of receipt

Question 22

The label on the container should include

Answer 22

date of recepit

assigned expiration date

Question 23

What do surfactants do to surface tension?

Answer 23

lowers it

surfactants are amphillic!

Question 24

What is the name of the surfactant that reduces the surface tensions between a liquid and a solid

Answer 24

wetting agent

ie levigating agent

Question 25

this type of surfactant is added to an emulsion to help keep the liquid drops dispersed throughout the liquid vehivle

Answer 25

emulsifers -- two or more liquids

Question 26

these agents are added to suspensions to help keep the solid particles from settling

Answer 26

suspending agents *must be shaken | ie a plasticer

Question 27

_______ and _______ are both used to grind down particles (make particles smaller)

Answer 27

levigation and trituration

Question 28

What is the difference between levigation and trituration

Answer 28

levigation uses levigating agents such as glycerin or PEG (aqueous-soluble) or mineral oil (oil soluble) to aid in the grinding

Question 29

what is an example of a foaming agent

Answer 29

simethicone

Question 30

what are the delivery vehicles and surfactants commonly used products

Answer 30

PEG and poloxamer-->(useful for topical drug delivery)

Question 31

what is the primary consideration in selecting the surfactant to use in an emulsion

Answer 31

whether the emulsion is a water in oil or oil in water emulsion

Question 32

what determines the type of surfactant required?

Answer 32

HLB number

Question 33

surfactants with a low HLB # (<10) are what type of emulsions?

Answer 33

water in oil *more lipid soluble

Question 34

Surfactants with a high HLB number (>10) are what type of emulsions

Answer 34

oil in water *more water soluble

Question 35

Glyceryl monostearate HLB 3.8

Answer 35

= water in oil emulsion

Question 36

PEG 400 monooleate HLB 11.4

Answer 36

= oil in water emulsion

Question 37

Span 65 HLB 2.1

Answer 37

= water in oil emulsion

Question 38

Tween 81 HLB 10

Answer 38

oil in water

Question 39

Tween 85 HLB 11

Answer 39

oil in water

Question 40

A compound is oxidized when it loses/gains electrons

Answer 40

loses electrons

Question 41

a compound is reduced when it loses/gains electrons

Answer 41

gains electrons

Question 42

How can oxidation be prevented?

Answer 42

``` light protection stroage chelating agents antioxidants control pH ```

Question 43

What are common chelating agents?

Answer 43

EDTA | anything with ED!!!!!!

Question 44

what are common antioxidants

Answer 44

``` vitamin C tocopherols (vit E) asorbyl palmitate Na ascorbate Na bisulfate Na sulfoxylate Na thiosulfate ```

Question 45

How can hydrolysis be prevented?

Answer 45

``` light protection absorbents (desiccants) lyophilized powders chelating agents hygroscopic salt prodrug temp pH ```

Question 46

how to prevent photolysis

Answer 46

light protection

Question 47

Acacia starch paste sucrose syrup

Answer 47

binders

Question 48

Purpose: add cohesion to powder to allow tablets to stick together while permitting the contents to be released once ingested can provide stability and strength

Answer 48

binders

Question 49

Purpose: to make something more dilute Purpose: to bulk up a small amount, add size to very small dosages

Answer 49

diluents fillers

Question 50

``` lactose starches (corn, rice wheat) calcium salts gelatin bentonite cellulose ```

Answer 50

fillers | liquid fillers= water, glycerin, alcohol

Question 51

Purpose: facilitates the breakup of a tablet after oral administration

Answer 51

disintegrants

Question 52

alginic acid polacrilin potassium (Amberlite) cellulose products starches

Answer 52

disintegrates

Question 53

``` aspartame sucralose glycerin dextrose lactose mannitol sorbitol phenylaline stecia xylitol ```

Answer 53

flavoring/colirng

Question 54

``` magnesium stearate PEG glycerin mineral oil stearic acid ```

Answer 54

lubricant

Question 55

``` Chlorhexidine Povidone iodine sodium benzoate benzoic acid sorbic acid potassium sorbate parabens EDTA thimersoal ```

Answer 55

preservative | "benz" "cetyl"

Question 56

boric acid potassium chloride sodium acetat potassium phosphate

Answer 56

buffers ionized compounds = more water soluble

Question 57

Alcohols have high/low miscibility (mixes easily) with water, used to dissolve solutes that would be insoluble in water alone. Isopropyl alcohol is used as a disinfectant.

Answer 57

low

Question 58

PEG 400 is used commonly in compounding and PEG 3350 is used commonly as a laxative. PEG linked to a protein drug (pegyiated), such as PEG-filgrastim, increases/decreases the half-life by helping the drug escape the immune system and decreasing the renal clearance.

Answer 58

increases PEG= good emulsifier

Question 59

__________ products include ointments, creams, lotions, bath oils and soap substitutes.

Answer 59

emollient

Question 60

Glycols have a low/high freezing point (which makes antifreeze possible), a high boiling point, and are water soluble.

Answer 60

low

Question 61

An __________ refers to a product that softens and soothes the skin.

Answer 61

emollient

Question 62

_________ ointments, including petroleum jelly (i.e., white petrolatum), theobroma oil (i.e., cocoa butter), beeswax, paraffin and other waxes form a protective barrier to prevent the loss of water molecules from the top layer of the skin (epidermis). They work well, but feel greasy. They help fill in cracks in the skin, and help to keep very dry skin from cracking.

Answer 62

Occlusive

Question 63

__________ are put into many emollient formulations to pull in water from the atmosphere to moisturize the skin. Thev can be sticky-feeling, and are combined with other more soothing ingredients.

Answer 63

Flumectants

Question 64

________ include glycerin or glycerol, propylene glycol, PEG, urea, hyaluronic acid. Selecting a moisturizer can be guided by the water content, since less water provides a stronger barrier to water loss, but a less comfortable (i.e., greasier) emollient.

Answer 64

Humectants

Question 65

__________ have from 80-100% oil, with 0-20% water, and are best for extremely dry skin and thick skin, such as on elbows and feet. ___________ are usually about half oil, half water (minimally greater than 20% water and up to 50% oil) and are best for normal and dry skin. ________ have the most water, and are best for oily skin.

Answer 65

ointments creams lotions

Question 66

Petrolatum Polybase Aquaphor Aquabase

Answer 66

ointments 0-20% water

Question 67

eucerin

Answer 67

cream can be o/w or w/o

Question 68

versabase lotion

Answer 68

lotions

Question 69

______ contain a hydrophobic chain of polyoxypropylene with two hydrophilic chains of polyoxyethylene

Answer 69

poloxamers

Question 70

aqueous solutions of poloxamers are ___ when regiderated

Answer 70

liquid gel at room temperuate PLO

Question 71

magnesium oxide carbonate kaolin

Answer 71

adsorbents

Question 72

shellac gelatin fluten

Answer 72

coatings

Question 73

cellulose acetate phthalate

Answer 73

enteric coating

Question 74

``` agar alginates various gums gelatins bentonite cellulose starches ```

Answer 74

gelling thickening agent, stabilzer

Question 75

glycerin glycerol PEG

Answer 75

humectant