HIV Flashcards
(106 cards)
What type of virus is HIV?
a single-stranded RNA retrovirus that uses the machinery in CD4+ T Helper cells to replicate
What is the treatment called for HIV?
Antiretroviral therapy (ART)
When HIV continues to replicate, what increases and what decreases?
viral load increases,
CD4+ count decreases
When is AIDS diagnosed?
when the CD4+ count fall below 200cells/mm3 or by the presence of an AIDS-defining condition
How is HIV transmitted?
Blood, semen, pre-seminal fluid, vaginal fluid, rectal fluids, and breast milk.
Most infection is caused by vaginal and rectal sex,, sharing needles.
Can HIV be spread from a woman to her child?
Yes - pregnancy, childbirth, or breast milk. This is called “vertical” transmission
The CDC recommends routine HIV screening for who?
How often should a high-risk person be tested?
EVERYONE (13-64) at least once
annually
What are high-risk indicators for becoming infected with HIV?
sharing needles
High- risk sexual behaviors
History of a STI or hepatitis or TB
How long does the acute infection (stage 1) last?
2-4 weeks; a person is HIGHLY contagious in this stage; very common sx, why sometimes it is missed
How long after initial infection does it take for the viral load to be high enough for HIV RNA and HIV p24 antigens to be detected with an initial HIV1/HIV2 antigen/antibody screening test?
~2 weeks post-infection
Positive results are confirmed with an antibody differentiation immunoassay which can determine if HIV1 or HIV2; detection in 4-6 weeks, but sometimes 6 moths
The OTC kit that provides immediate results by detecting the pretense of HIV Ab is the:
OraQuick in-home HIV test
Should be used >3 months from exposure due to the lab in Ab production (earlier can cause a false negative)
HIV Life Cycle: what happens during Stage 1?
This stage is called: Binding/Attachment
HIV binds (attaches itself) to receptors on the surface of a CD4 cell
Where do Maraviroc and Ibalizumab-uiyk work? What stage?
Stage 1
CCR5 antaognist
Post-attachment inhibitors
HIV Life Cycle: what happens during Stage 2?
“Fusion”
The HIV envelope and the CD4 cell membrane fuse, which allows HIV to enter the CD4 cell
Where does Enfuvirtide work? What stage?
Stage 2: Fusion inhibitor
HIV Life Cycle: what happens during Stage 3?
“Reverse Transcription”
inside the CD4 cell, HIV releases and uses reverse transcriptase (an HIV enzyme) to convert its genetic material- HIV RNA into HIV DNA.
The conversion of HIV RNA to HIV DNA allows HIV to enter the CD4 cell nucleus and combine with the cell’s genetic material- cell DNA.
NNRTs & NRTs work here
HIV Life Cycle: What happens during stage 4?
“Integration”
Inside the CD4 cell nucleus, HIV releases integrate (an HIV enzyme).
HIV uses integrate to insert (integrate) its viral DNA into the DNA of the CD4 cell.
What drugs work during the integration stage?
Integrase strand transfer inhibitors (INSTIs)
HIV Life Cycle: What happens during stage 5?
“Replication”
Once integrated into the CD4 cell DNA, HIV begins to use the machinery of the CD4 cell to make long chains of HIV proteins.
The protein chains are the building blocks for more HIV
No drugs work here.
HIV Life Cycle: What happens during stage 6?
“Assembly”
New HIV proteins and HIV RNA move to the surface of the cell and assemble into immature HIV (noninfectious) HIV
HIV Life Cycle: what happens during stage 7?
“Budding and Maturation”
Newly formed immature (noninfectious) HIV pushes itself out of the host CD4 cell.
The new HIB release protease (an HIV enzyme). Protease breaks up the long protein chains in the immature virus, creating the mature (infectious) virus
Where do protease inhibitors work? What stage?
Stage 7, the last stage
What lab value is used to determine the need for OI prophylaxis?
CD4 count
Treatment goal is 800-1200cells/mm3
This lab test indicates how much HIV RNA is in the blood. It is the most important indicator of response to ART
HIV Viral Load
