Coordination and Response Details Flashcards by Glenn Dodoo

Electrical impulses travel along…

neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Parts of the mammalian nervous system

-Central nervous system(CNS)
-Peripheral nervous system(PNS)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Components of the central nervous system(CNS)

-Brain
-Spinal cord

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Components of the peripheral nervous system(PNS)

Nerves(outside of the brain and spinal cord)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Role of the nervous system

Coordination and regulation of body functions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Components of a simple reflex arc(in order)

Receptor → Sensory neuron → Relay neuron → Motor neuron → Effector

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function of a synapse

Ensures the single direction of the transmission of neurons

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Structure of a synapse

-Presence of vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules
-Synaptic gap
-Presence of receptor proteins

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Events at the synapse

-An impulse stimulates the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles into the synaptic gap
-The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the gap
-Neurotransmitter molecules bind with receptor proteins on the next neuron
-An impulse is then stimulated in the next neuron

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function of cornea

Refracts light

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function of iris

Controls how much light enters the pupil

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function of lens

Focuses light unto the retina

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function of retina

Contains light receptors called rods(responsible for night vision) and cones(responsible for colour vision)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function of optic nerve

Carries impulses to the brain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Features of fovea

-Area of the retina
-Where most of the light is focused on
-Has a highest density of cones

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function of rods

Greater sensitivity to light for night vision

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Function of cones

Absorbing light of different colours for colour vision

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Role of the pupil reflex

Appropriately controls the level of light that enters the eye

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In bright conditions, pupils become…

smaller

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

In dim conditions, pupils become…

larger

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Nature of the movement of circular and radial muscles in the iris

Antagonistic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens to the pupil in bright light(regarding circular and radial muscles)

-Circular muscles contract
-Radial muscles relax
-Pupil becomes constricted(smaller)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What happens to the pupil in dim light(regarding circular and radial muscles)

-Circular muscles relax
-Radial muscles contract
-Pupil becomes dilated(bigger)

What the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments do when the eye is looking at a distant object

-Ciliary muscles relax
-This allows suspensory ligaments to tightly pull on each side of the lens(contract)
-Lens becomes stretched and thin(becomes less powerful and hence bends light less)

What the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments do when the eye is looking at a near object

-Ciliary muscles contract -This allows suspensory ligaments to slacken -Lens becomes thicker(becomes more powerful and hence bends light more)

Amount of effort it takes for the lens to focus light rays from a distant object

Less effort(than with nearby objects) NB: this is because the light rays are parallel

Amount of effort it takes for the lens to focus light rays from a nearby object

More effort(than with distant objects) NB: this is because light rays are divergent

Where adrenaline is produced

Adrenal gland

Where insulin is produced

Pancreas

Where testosterone is produced

Testes

Where estrogen is produced

Ovaries

Effects of adrenaline

-Increased breathing rate -Increased heart rate -Increased pupil diameter -Increased blood glucose concentration

Features of hormonal control

-Chemical transmission -Transport of hormones in blood -Slow speeds of transmission(takes more time to take effect) -Long-term effect

Features of nervous control

-Electrical transmission -Transport of electrical impulses through neurons(nervous system) -Fast speeds(quickly takes effect) -Short-term effect

Where glucagon is produced

Pancreas

Reflex arc(involuntary action)

Sensory receptor → Sensory neuron → Motor neuron → Effector

Role of insulin

Decreases blood glucose concentration(by causing liver to convert glucose into glycogen for storage inside liver cells)

Role of glucagon

Increases blood glucose concentration(by causing liver to convert glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood)

Role of negative feedback

Reduces the levels of substances or conditions in the body back to a set point(due to them becoming too high)

Role of positive feedback

Increases the levels of substances or conditions in the body to a set point(when they get too low)

What happens when blood sugar levels are too high

-Pancreas secretes insulin -Liver converts blood glucose to glycogen -Blood sugar levels fall

What happens when blood sugar levels are too low

-Pancreas stops insulin secretion -Pancreas secretes glucagon instead -Liver converts glycogen to glucose -Blood sugar levels rise

Cause of type 1 diabetes

Insufficient insulin production(which leads to very high glucose levels)

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes

-Increased hunger -Frequent urination -Blurred vision -Tiredness and fatigue -Unexplained weight loss

Treatment of type 1 diabetes

-Controlling sugar intake -Monitoring sugar levels -Insulin injections

Optimum body temperature

37°C

Role of basic insulation(as a mechanism to retain heat)

-Fat layer in skin acts as an insulator -Skin hair follicles stand up to trap a layer of air around the skin which also acts as an insulator

Role of shivering

Helps to retain heat(increased metabolism in muscles increase heat circulation)

Process of vasoconstriction

-Heat is carried in the blood -If blood goes near the skin surface, then blood radiates out of the body -Constriction of the blood arterioles reduce the amount of blood flowing near the skin surface to retain heat in the blood

Role of sweating

Helps to lose heat(as water evaporates from sweat which causes the skin and body to cool down)

Sweat is a mixture of...

water, salt and urea

Process of vasodilation

-Dilation of skin arterioles -Increase in the amount of blood flowing near the skin surface to allow more heat to radiate out of the body

Phototropism and gravitropism are examples of....

the chemical control of plant growth

Role of auxins

Change the rate of elongation in plant cells and control the growth of stems and roots

Role of auxin in controlling shoot growth

-Auxin is made in the shoot tip -Auxin diffuses through the plant from the shoot tip -Auxin is unequally distributed in response to light and gravity -Auxin stimulates cell elongation

What auxins do in the shoots

Promote plant growth

What auxins do in the roots

Inhibit plant growth