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IGCSE BIOLOGY REVISION > Coordination and Response Details > Flashcards

Coordination and Response Details Flashcards

1
Q

Electrical impulses travel along…

A

neurons

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2
Q

Parts of the mammalian nervous system

A

-Central nervous system(CNS)
-Peripheral nervous system(PNS)

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3
Q

Components of the central nervous system(CNS)

A

-Brain
-Spinal cord

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4
Q

Components of the peripheral nervous system(PNS)

A

Nerves(outside of the brain and spinal cord)

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5
Q

Role of the nervous system

A

Coordination and regulation of body functions

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6
Q

Components of a simple reflex arc(in order)

A

Receptor → Sensory neuron → Relay neuron → Motor neuron → Effector

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7
Q

Function of a synapse

A

Ensures the single direction of the transmission of neurons

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8
Q

Structure of a synapse

A

-Presence of vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules
-Synaptic gap
-Presence of receptor proteins

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9
Q

Events at the synapse

A

-An impulse stimulates the release of neurotransmitter molecules from vesicles into the synaptic gap
-The neurotransmitter molecules diffuse across the gap
-Neurotransmitter molecules bind with receptor proteins on the next neuron
-An impulse is then stimulated in the next neuron

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10
Q

Function of cornea

A

Refracts light

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11
Q

Function of iris

A

Controls how much light enters the pupil

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12
Q

Function of lens

A

Focuses light unto the retina

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13
Q

Function of retina

A

Contains light receptors called rods(responsible for night vision) and cones(responsible for colour vision)

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14
Q

Function of optic nerve

A

Carries impulses to the brain

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15
Q

Features of fovea

A

-Area of the retina
-Where most of the light is focused on
-Has a highest density of cones

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16
Q

Function of rods

A

Greater sensitivity to light for night vision

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17
Q

Function of cones

A

Absorbing light of different colours for colour vision

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18
Q

Role of the pupil reflex

A

Appropriately controls the level of light that enters the eye

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19
Q

In bright conditions, pupils become…

A

smaller

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20
Q

In dim conditions, pupils become…

A

larger

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21
Q

Nature of the movement of circular and radial muscles in the iris

A

Antagonistic

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22
Q

What happens to the pupil in bright light(regarding circular and radial muscles)

A

-Circular muscles contract
-Radial muscles relax
-Pupil becomes constricted(smaller)

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23
Q

What happens to the pupil in dim light(regarding circular and radial muscles)

A

-Circular muscles relax
-Radial muscles contract
-Pupil becomes dilated(bigger)

24
Q

What the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments do when the eye is looking at a distant object

A

-Ciliary muscles relax
-This allows suspensory ligaments to tightly pull on each side of the lens(contract)
-Lens becomes stretched and thin(becomes less powerful and hence bends light less)

25
Q

What the ciliary muscles and suspensory ligaments do when the eye is looking at a near object

A

-Ciliary muscles contract
-This allows suspensory ligaments to slacken
-Lens becomes thicker(becomes more powerful and hence bends light more)

26
Q

Amount of effort it takes for the lens to focus light rays from a distant object

A

Less effort(than with nearby objects)
NB: this is because the light rays are parallel

27
Q

Amount of effort it takes for the lens to focus light rays from a nearby object

A

More effort(than with distant objects)
NB: this is because light rays are divergent

28
Q

Where adrenaline is produced

A

Adrenal gland

29
Q

Where insulin is produced

A

Pancreas

30
Q

Where testosterone is produced

A

Testes

31
Q

Where estrogen is produced

A

Ovaries

32
Q

Effects of adrenaline

A

-Increased breathing rate
-Increased heart rate
-Increased pupil diameter
-Increased blood glucose concentration

33
Q

Features of hormonal control

A

-Chemical transmission
-Transport of hormones in blood
-Slow speeds of transmission(takes more time to take effect)
-Long-term effect

34
Q

Features of nervous control

A

-Electrical transmission
-Transport of electrical impulses through neurons(nervous system)
-Fast speeds(quickly takes effect)
-Short-term effect

35
Q

Where glucagon is produced

A

Pancreas

36
Q

Reflex arc(involuntary action)

A

Sensory receptor → Sensory neuron → Motor neuron → Effector

37
Q

Role of insulin

A

Decreases blood glucose concentration(by causing liver to convert glucose into glycogen for storage inside liver cells)

38
Q

Role of glucagon

A

Increases blood glucose concentration(by causing liver to convert glycogen into glucose and release it into the blood)

39
Q

Role of negative feedback

A

Reduces the levels of substances or conditions in the body back to a set point(due to them becoming too high)

40
Q

Role of positive feedback

A

Increases the levels of substances or conditions in the body to a set point(when they get too low)

41
Q

What happens when blood sugar levels are too high

A

-Pancreas secretes insulin
-Liver converts blood glucose to glycogen
-Blood sugar levels fall

42
Q

What happens when blood sugar levels are too low

A

-Pancreas stops insulin secretion
-Pancreas secretes glucagon instead
-Liver converts glycogen to glucose
-Blood sugar levels rise

43
Q

Cause of type 1 diabetes

A

Insufficient insulin production(which leads to very high glucose levels)

44
Q

Symptoms of type 1 diabetes

A

-Increased hunger
-Frequent urination
-Blurred vision
-Tiredness and fatigue
-Unexplained weight loss

45
Q

Treatment of type 1 diabetes

A

-Controlling sugar intake
-Monitoring sugar levels
-Insulin injections

46
Q

Optimum body temperature

A

37°C

47
Q

Role of basic insulation(as a mechanism to retain heat)

A

-Fat layer in skin acts as an insulator
-Skin hair follicles stand up to trap a layer of air around the skin which also acts as an insulator

48
Q

Role of shivering

A

Helps to retain heat(increased metabolism in muscles increase heat circulation)

49
Q

Process of vasoconstriction

A

-Heat is carried in the blood
-If blood goes near the skin surface, then blood radiates out of the body
-Constriction of the blood arterioles reduce the amount of blood flowing near the skin surface to retain heat in the blood

50
Q

Role of sweating

A

Helps to lose heat(as water evaporates from sweat which causes the skin and body to cool down)

51
Q

Sweat is a mixture of…

A

water, salt and urea

52
Q

Process of vasodilation

A

-Dilation of skin arterioles
-Increase in the amount of blood flowing near the skin surface to allow more heat to radiate out of the body

53
Q

Phototropism and gravitropism are examples of….

A

the chemical control of plant growth

54
Q

Role of auxins

A

Change the rate of elongation in plant cells and control the growth of stems and roots

55
Q

Role of auxin in controlling shoot growth

A

-Auxin is made in the shoot tip
-Auxin diffuses through the plant from the shoot tip
-Auxin is unequally distributed in response to light and gravity
-Auxin stimulates cell elongation

56
Q

What auxins do in the shoots

A

Promote plant growth

57
Q

What auxins do in the roots

A

Inhibit plant growth

IGCSE BIOLOGY REVISION (40 decks)

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