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IGCSE BIOLOGY REVISION > Reproduction Details > Flashcards

Reproduction Details Flashcards

1
Q

Advantages of asexual reproduction

A

-Quick
-Only single parent required
-Good genetic characteristics are always passed on
-No dispersal so offspring will be in the same favourable environment

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2
Q

Disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A

-Little variation(hence less adaptability to changing environment)
-Unlikely to withstand disease if parent is not resistant
-Lack of dispersal leads to increased competition for nutrients

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3
Q

How many chromosomes does a diploid cell have?

A

46 chromosomes(23 pairs of chromosomes)

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4
Q

How many chromosomes does a haploid cell have?

A

23 chromosomes

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5
Q

Nuclei of gametes are…

A

haploid

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6
Q

Nuclei of zygotes are…

A

diploid

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7
Q

Advantages of sexual reproduction

A

Variation of offspring(hence more adaptable to changing environment)
-More likely to withstand disease
-(In plants) Seed dispersal reduces competition for nutrients as offspring will grow in a different environment

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8
Q

Disadvantages of sexual reproduction

A

-Requires the fusion of two gametes
-Slower process

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9
Q

The male part of the flower is called the….

A

stamen

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10
Q

The female part of the flower is called the…

A

carpel/pistil

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11
Q

Function of the stigma

A

utilizes sticky surface to catch pollen

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12
Q

Function of the style

A

links stigma to ovary

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13
Q

Function of the ovary

A

contains ovules which develop into seeds after fertilization

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14
Q

Function of the anther

A

contains pollen

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15
Q

Function of the filament

A

supports the anther

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16
Q

Function of the petal

A

attracts insects for pollination

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17
Q

Function of the sepal

A

protects the flower while it is a bud

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18
Q

Peduncle

A

supports the flower

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19
Q

Receptacle

A

-connects the peduncle to the flower
-supports the flower

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20
Q

Function of ovule

A

produces and stores egg cells

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21
Q

Two methods of pollination

A

-Insect pollination
-Wind pollination

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22
Q

Two types of pollination

A

-Cross-pollination
-Self-pollination

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23
Q

Advantages of self-pollination

A

-Only one parent required(so less reliance on pollinators)
-Pollen grains do not go to waste

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24
Q

Disadvantages of self-pollination

A

-Less variation(since genes are all from the same plant)
-Less adaptable to changing environment
-Less resistant to disease

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25
Q

Advantages of cross-pollination

A

-Increased variation
-Greater adaptability to changing environment
-More resistant to disease

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26
Q

Disadvantages of cross pollination

A

-More reliance on pollinators

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27
Q

Features of petals in insect-pollinated flowers

A

Large and brightly coloured(to attract insects)

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28
Q

Features of petals in wind-pollinated flowers

A

Small and dull in colour(no need to attract insects)

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29
Q

Smell of insect-pollinated flowers

A

Sweet smell(to attract insects)

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30
Q

Smell of wind-pollinated flowers

A

No scent(no need to attract insects)

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31
Q

Why do insect-pollinated flowers contain nectar?

A

To attract insects

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32
Q

Why do wind-pollinated flowers contain nectar?

A

THEY DON’T

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33
Q

Pollen quantity of insect-pollinated flowers

A

Not much required(less wastage than with wind pollinated)

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34
Q

Pollen quantity of wind-pollinated flowers

A

Huge quantities required(most pollen doesn’t reach another flower)

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35
Q

Characteristics of the pollen in insect-pollinated flowers

A

Sticky or spiky(to stick to insects)

36
Q

Characteristics of the pollen in wind-pollinated flowers

A

Light, dry and smooth(so it doesn’t clump together and can be blown by the wind)

37
Q

Position/Characteristics of anthers in insect-pollinated flowers

A

Firm and inside flower(to brush against insects)

38
Q

Position/Characteristics of anthers in wind-pollinated flowers

A

Loose and outside flower(to release pollen into the wind)

39
Q

Position of stigma in insect-pollinated flowers

A

Inside flower(so that insects brush against it)

40
Q

Position of stigma in wind-pollinated flowers

A

Outside flower(to catch the drifting pollen)

41
Q

Characteristics of stigma in insect-pollinated flowers

A

Sticky(so that pollen from insects stick to it)

42
Q

Characteristics of stigma in wind-pollinated flowers

A

Sticky and feathery(to catch drifting pollen)

43
Q

Conditions that must be met for germination to occur

A

-Water(for activation of enzymes)
-Oxygen(for respiration for growth)
-Temperature(optimum temperature for enzymes)

44
Q

Process of fertilization(plants)

A

-Pollen grain lands on stigma
-Pollen tube forms and grows through the style
-Male nucleus travels down the style
-Male nucleus enters ovary through micropyle
-Male nucleus enters the ovule(where female nucleus is located)
-Fusion of nuclei; zygote forms
-Zygote develops into an embryo
-Ovule becomes the seed
-Petals, stamen and sepals wither away

45
Q

Function of the penis

A

becomes firm and erect for insertion into the vagina

46
Q

Function of the testes

A

produces sperm

47
Q

Function of the scrotum

A

protects the testes/hold testes outside of body to keep it colder than body temperature(ideal for sperm production)

48
Q

Function of the epididymis

A

stores sperm

49
Q

Function of the sperm duct

A

tube connecting testes to urethra

50
Q

Function of the prostate gland

A

secretes nutritive fluid which combines with sperm to form semen

51
Q

Function of the urethra

A

passes semen or urine out through the penis(never at the same time)

52
Q

Function of the vagina

A

entry point for penis

53
Q

Function of the cervix

A

separates vagina from uterus/holds baby in place during pregnancy

54
Q

Function of the uterus

A

location of fetal development

55
Q

Function of the ovaries

A

produce egg cells

56
Q

Function of the oviducts/fallopian tubes

A

site of fertilization/transport of egg cell to uterus via cilia

57
Q

Adaptive features of sperm

A

-Flagellum
-Mitochondria
-Acrosome

58
Q

Function of the flagellum

A

allows movement to egg cells

59
Q

Function of the mitochondria(in relation to sperm)

A

produce energy for movement of sperm cell

60
Q

Function of the acrosome

A

contains enzymes which dissolve a way through the jelly coat surrounding the egg cell

61
Q

Adaptive features of egg cells

A

-Energy stores
-Jelly coat

62
Q

Function of energy stores(in egg cells)

A

provide nutrients for embryo during early development

63
Q

Function of jelly coat(surrounding egg cells)

A

ensures that only one sperm cell can enter(by becoming impenetrable to more sperm after fertilization)

64
Q

Features of male gametes(sperm)

A

-Small
-Motile
-Produced in large amounts

65
Q

Features of female gametes(egg cells)

A

-Large(r)
-Non-motile
-Produced in relatively small amounts

66
Q

Process of human fertilization

A

-Sperm enters vagina
-Sperm passes through cervix
-Sperm enters oviduct
-If egg is present, it becomes fertilized
-Fertilization results in the formation of a zygote
-Zygote divides by mitosis to make an embryo(ball of cells)
-Embryo implants into the uterus walls
-Embryo develops further to form a fetus
-Fetus develops within uterus/womb
-Birth of baby

67
Q

Function of the umbilical cord

A

allows the exchange of substances between the foetus and the mother through the cord

68
Q

Components of the umbilical cord

A

-Two umbilical arteries
-One umbilical vein

69
Q

Function of the umbilical artery

A

carries blood from the foetus to the placenta

70
Q

Function of the umbilical vein

A

carries blood from the placenta to the fetus

71
Q

Function of the placenta

A

responsible for nutrient/waste exchange(nutrients diffuse from mother’s blood to fetal blood/waste products diffuse from fetal blood to mother’s blood)

72
Q

Function of the amniotic sac

A

surrounds the foetus and produces amniotic fluid

73
Q

Function of amniotic fluid

A

protects the foetus

74
Q

Methods of transmission of HIV

A

-Unprotected sex
-Sharing needles
-Mother to fetus(via the placenta)

75
Q

Measures to prevent the spread of STIs

A

-Condom usage
-Abstinence of sexual intercourse
-Using sterilized needles instead of sharing
-Bottled milk

76
Q

Role of FSH(follicle stimulating hormone)

A

Follicle development in ovaries

77
Q

Role of Oestrogen

A

-Causes uterus lining to thicken
-Inhibits FSH
-Stimulates LH
-Responsible for development of the female reproductive system and female secondary sexual characteristics

78
Q

Role of LH(luteinizing hormone)

A

Causes ovulation

79
Q

Role of progesterone

A

Maintains lining

80
Q

Role of testosterone

A

Responsible for development and regulation of the male reproductive system and male secondary sexual characteristics

81
Q

What happens on day 1-7 of the menstrual cycle

A

-Menstrual cycle starts with the first day of a woman’s period
NB: When uterus lining detaches and exits through the vagina as blood

81
Q

What happens on day 7-13 of the menstrual cycle

A

-Around day 7 blood flow stops
-Lining of uterus begins to build up again
-At this time an egg starts to mature in one of the ovaries

82
Q

What happens on the 14th day of the menstrual cycle

A

An egg is released by an ovary into the oviduct

83
Q

What happens on day 14-17 of the menstrual cycle

A

Egg tavels down the oviduct into the uterus(takes 3 days)

84
Q

What happens on day 18-28 of the menstrual cycle

A

If the egg is not fertilised then the lining of the uterus begins to break down

85
Q

Process of the menstrual cycle(in terms of hormones)

A

-FSH stimulates egg development in the ovary on the 1st day, causing a follicle to develop in the ovaries
-Oestrogen is secreted by the follicle
-Higher levels of oestrogen trigger LH, and high levels of LH triggers ovulation
-Ovaries produce progesterone to reduce the amount of FSH and LH and maintain the uterus wall
-If fertilisation occurs, the progesterone continues to be produced
-If it doesn’t occur, progesterone decreases as the cycle starts again

IGCSE BIOLOGY REVISION (40 decks)

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