Transport in animals Details

Question 1

Features of double circulation

Answer 1

-Oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure to the cells of the body
-Deoxygenated blood is pumped at low pressure
-No mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
-Blood flows at both high and low pressure
-Contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood

Question 2

Reasons for oxygenated blood being pumped at high pressure to the cells of the body

Answer 2

allows for rapid blood flow to cells and removal of waste products

Question 3

Reasons for deoxygenated blood being pumped at low pressure

Answer 3

to protect the lungs

Question 4

Features of single circulation

Answer 4

-Gills slow down the blood flow
-Blood flows at just low pressure
-Oxygen is received at low pressure and brought to cells of the body
-Contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood

Question 5

Advantages of double circulation over single circulation

Answer 5

-Ensures efficient supply of oxygen to body
-Ensures efficient supply of(named) nutrients to body
-No mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
-Helps to maintain a high rate of respiration
-Allows more time for gas exchange

Question 6

Features of arteries

Answer 6

-Large blood vessels that carry blood at high pressure
-Carry blood from your heart to the rest of your body
-Blood is rich in oxygen and nutrients
-As arteries get further away from heart, they begin to branch, becoming smaller and smaller

Question 7

Features of capillaries

Answer 7

-Where oxygen is transferred to your tissues
-Wastes from cells are transferred into the blood from here

Question 8

Features of veins

Answer 8

-Lead back to the heart
-Carry deoxygenated blood back to heart

Question 9

Structure of arteries

Answer 9

-Thick outer wall(to withstand blood being carried at high pressures)
-Small lumen(expands as blood pulsates through to maintain blood pressure)
-Thick layer of elastic tissue(helps deal with high pressure)
-(NB: Valves absent since high pressures prevent backflow)

Question 10

Structure of veins

Answer 10

-Large lumen(to reduce blood flow resistance)
-Thin layer of elastic tissue
-Thin outer wall(since blood is transported at low pressure)
-Contains valves(to prevent backflow)

Question 11

Structure of capillaries

Answer 11

-Very small lumen
-Wall one cell thick(allows for quick diffusion of nutrients/wastes)
-Site of gas exchange

Question 12

Process of blood circulation

Answer 12

-Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium(through vena cava)
-Deoxygenated blood enters right ventricle
-Deoxygenated blood is pumped by right ventricle(through pulmonary artery) to lungs where they become oxygenated
-Oxygenated blood enters left atrium(through pulmonary vein)
-Oxygenated blood enters left ventricle
-Oxygenated blood is pumped by left ventricle to rest of the body(through the aorta)
-Body cells use oxygen, causing blood to become deoxygenated
-Deoxygenated blood returns to heart(and cycle repeats)

Question 13

In the arteries, blood is pumped…

Answer 13

away from the heart

Question 14

In the veins, blood is pumped…

Answer 14

to the heart

Question 15

Ways to monitor the activity of the heart

Answer 15

-ECGs(Electrographs)
-Pulse rate
-Listening to the sounds of the valves closing

Question 16

(In terms of heart rate)physical activity…

Answer 16

increases the heart rate

Question 17

Cause of coronary heart disease

Answer 17

Consuming too much fat

Question 18

Why physical activity increases the heart rate

Answer 18

-Increased energy demand in muscles
-Increased rate of respiration(since blood must travel to quicker to the muscles to supply them with oxygen/nutrients while also removing waste products(eg. carbon dioxide)
-Heart rate increases to meet demands

Question 19

Possible risk factors of coronary heart disease

Answer 19

-Being male:(
-High-cholesterol diet
-Lack of exercise
-Stress
-Smoking
-Genetic predisposition
-Age(greater chance if you’re older)

Question 20

Cause of coronary heart disease(coronary artery perspective)

Answer 20

Heart’s blood supply being blocked by a build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries

Question 21

Function of the right/left atrium

Answer 21

Contracts to pump blood into the right/left ventricles(respectively)

Question 22

Function of right ventricle

Answer 22

Contracts to pump blood to the lungs(to become oxygenated)

Question 23

Function of the left ventricle

Answer 23

Contracts to pump blood to the rest of the body

Question 24

Function of atrioventricular valves

Answer 24

Prevent the backflow of blood and separate the atrium and the ventricles

Question 25

Function of semilunar valves

Answer 25

Prevent the backflow of blood(found within the pulmonary arteries and the aorta)

Question 26

Function of pulmonary artery

Answer 26

Carries blood from the right ventricle to the lungs

Question 27

Function of pulmonary vein

Answer 27

Carries blood from the lungs to the left atrium

Question 28

Function of aorta

Answer 28

Carries blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

Question 29

Function of vena cava

Answer 29

Carries deoxygenated blood from the body back to the heart(right atrium)

Question 30

Function of the septum

Answer 30

Thick muscular wall that separates the right and left side of the heart

Question 31

Reason why the left ventricle has a thicker muscle wall than the right ventricle

Answer 31

The left ventricle needs to pump blood further and hence requires more force(and need more protection)

Question 32

Components of blood

Answer 32

-Plasma
-Platelets
-Red blood cells
-White blood cells

Question 33

Function of red blood cells

Answer 33

Transporting oxygen

Question 34

Function of white blood cells

Answer 34

Phagocytosis and antibody production

Question 35

Function of platelets

Answer 35

Clotting

Question 36

Function of plasma

Answer 36

Transport of blood cells, ions, nutrients, urea, hormones and carbon dioxide

Question 37

Function of haemoglobin

Answer 37

To carry oxygen

Question 38

Roles of blood clotting

Answer 38

-Preventing blood loss
-Preventing the entry of pathogens

Question 39

Functions of lymphocytes

Answer 39

Antibody production

Question 40

Functions of phagocytes

Answer 40

Engulfing pathogens by phagocytosis

Question 41

Types of white blood cells

Answer 41

-Phagocytes
-Lymphocytes

Question 42

Features of red blood cells

Answer 42

-Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
-Biconcave shape
-Contain haemoglobin
-Have no nucleus
-Made in bone marrow

Question 43

Function of ECGs(Electrocardiographs)

Answer 43

Measure the heart rate