Diseases and immunity Details

Question 1

Ways by which a pathogen is transmitted

Answer 1

-By direct contact(eg. blood and other bodily fluids)
-Indirectly(eg. from contaminated surfaces, food, animals and air)

Question 2

Body defences

Answer 2

-Skin
-Hairs(in the nose)
-Mucus
-Stomach acid
-White blood cells

Question 3

Requirements for controlling the spread of disease

Answer 3

-A clean water supply
-Hygienic food preparation
-Good personal hygiene
-Waste disposal
-Sewage treatment

Question 4

Each pathogen has its own antigens, which have specific shapes(T/F)

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Specific antibodies have complementary shapes which fit…

Answer 5

specific antigens

Question 6

How active immunity is gained

Answer 6

After an infection by a pathogen or by vaccination

Question 7

Process of vaccination

Answer 7

-Weakened pathogens or their antigens are put into the body
-Antigens stimulate an immune response by lymphocytes which produce antibodies
-Antibodies destroy the pathogen/antigen(either directly or by alerting phagocytes for destruction via phagocytosis)
-Memory cells are produced that give long term immunity

Question 8

Benefit of breastfeeding to baby(in terms of passive immunity)

Answer 8

The antibodies in the breast milk help the young to fight off infections until they are older and stronger and their immune system is more responsive

Question 9

Memory cells are produced in active immunity(T/F)

Answer 9

True

Question 10

Memory cells are not produced in passive immunity(T/F)

Answer 10

True

Question 11

Process of cholera infection

Answer 11

-Cholera bacterium produces a toxin
-Toxin causes secretion of chloride ions into the small intestine
-This causes osmotic movement of water into the gut
-This causes diarrhoea and loss of ions from the blood