CPA #18 Questions

Question 1

what are the 5 attributes of adaptive immunity?

Answer 1

1. specificity
2. inducibility
3. clonality
4. unresponsiveness to self
5. memory

Question 2

define: specificity

Answer 2

a particular immune response only acts against a specific antigen

Question 3

define: inducibility

Answer 3

specific antigen-containing pathogen activates cells of adaptive immunity

Question 4

define: clonality

Answer 4

once activated, the cells of adaptive immunity are generated to created multiple generations of clone cells

Question 5

define: unresponsiveness to self

Answer 5

adaptive immunity does not work against normal body cells

Question 6

define: memory

Answer 6

immunological memory for specific pathogens

Question 7

what is the lymphatic system?

Answer 7

composed of lymphatic vessels, lymph, lymphoid cells, tissues, organs; directly involved in adaptive immunity

Question 8

what is the purpose of the lymphatic system?

Answer 8

acts as surveillance system that screens tissues of body for foreign particles

Question 9

what are the primary lymphoid organs?

Answer 9

bone marrow, thymus

Question 10

what are the secondary lymphoid organs?

Answer 10

lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, tonsils, lymphoid tissue

Question 11

what are lymphatic vessels?

Answer 11

form one-way system taking lymph from local tissues and returning to the circulatory system.

Question 12

where does lymph come from?

Answer 12

fluid that has leaked out of blood vessels into surrounding tissues

Question 13

how does lymph flow through body?

Answer 13

one way flow

Question 14

where does lymph drain to?

Answer 14

heart

Question 15

where are lymph nodes concentrated?

Answer 15

neck, groin, armpits, and abdomen

Question 16

what cells are found in lymph nodes

Answer 16

WBC (B and T lymphocytes)

Question 17

what is the function of lymph nodes?

Answer 17

sites to facilitate interactions among immune cells and between immune cells and material that arrives at lymph nodes

Question 18

what is the major function of the spleen?

Answer 18

filters blood; removes bacteria, viruses, toxins, and other foreign matter from blood; stores platelets and blood components

Question 19

what is the major function of the tonsils?

Answer 19

physically trap foreign particles that enter mouth or nose

Question 20

what does MALT stand for?

Answer 20

mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue

Question 21

what tissues are a part of MALT?

Answer 21

appendix, respiratory tract, vagina, urinary bladder, mammary glands; contains most of the bodies lymphocytes

Question 22

what does MHC stand for?

Answer 22

major histocompatibility complex; cluster of genes that code for specific proteins

Question 23

how were MHC discovered?

Answer 23

attempted grafting skin from one animal to another in attempt to treat burn victims; if the animals were not closely related, the recipient would reject the graft

Question 24

what are the 2 classes of MHCs?

Answer 24

1. class I MHC proteins
2. class II MHC proteins

Question 25

what do MHCs bind to?

Answer 25

antigens

Question 26

define: class I MHC

Answer 26

found on cytoplasmic membrane of all human cells (except RBCs)

Question 27

define: class II MHC

Answer 27

found on special cells called antigen-presenting cells (APC)

Question 28

define: APCs

Answer 28

antigen-presenting cells; regularly present antigens; include macrophages, B cells, and dendritic cells

Question 29

why do some foreign epitopes may not trigger immune response?

Answer 29

MHC binding diversity is dependent on the individuals genes ; some epitopes won't be bound to the MHC, therefore there is no immune response (ex. peanut allergy)

Question 30

how is phagocytosis used by APCs?

Answer 30

phagocytose microbe, gets antigen attached to MHC, essentially stealing it to match it to any other cells

Question 31

what immune response are T cells involved in?

Answer 31

cell-mediated immune responses

Question 32

what types of pathogens do T cells fight against?

Answer 32

cancer, viral infections

Question 33

where are T cells made?

Answer 33

red bone marrow

Question 34

where do T cells mature?

Answer 34

thymus

Question 35

what percentage of lymphocytes are T cells?

Answer 35

70-85%

Question 36

what does TCR stand for?

Answer 36

T cell receptor

Question 37

where are TCRs located?

Answer 37

cytoplasmic membrane of T Cells

Question 38

how many different TCR's are there?

Answer 38

10,000,000,000

Question 39

why are TCR's both specific and random?

Answer 39

every T cell randomly created & specific to antigen

Question 40

what are the 3 types of T cells?

Answer 40

1. cytotoxic T cells (Tc cells; CD8 cells) 2. helper T cells (Th cells; CD4 cells) 3. regulatory T cells (Tr cells; suppressor cells)

Question 41

define: th1 cells

Answer 41

type 1 helper cells; assist cytotoxic T cells and stimulate and regulate innate immunity

Question 42

define: Th2 cells

Answer 42

function in conjunction with B cells

Question 43

what do helper T cells secrete?

Answer 43

cytokines that regulate the entire immune system

Question 44

define: suppressor T cells

Answer 44

suppress immune responses and promote tolerance of certain antigens

Question 45

what happens when the immune system is not tolerant of "self"?

Answer 45

autoimmune disease

Question 46

What is the major function of B cells?

Answer 46

secrete soluble antibodies

Question 47

what does BCR stand for?

Answer 47

B cell receptor

Question 48

where are BCRs found?

Answer 48

surface of B lymphocytes

Question 49

how many different types of BCRs are there?

Answer 49

500,000

Question 50

why are BCRs specific and random?

Answer 50

many BCRs will recognize any antigen, but each BCR recognizes only one epitope of the antigen

Question 51

what stimulates B cells?

Answer 51

antigenic epitope

Question 52

what happens when a B cell is stimulated?

Answer 52

cell division, leading to identical offspring that secrete immunoglobulin into blood/lymph

Question 53

define: plasma cells

Answer 53

activated immunoglobulin-secreting B lymphocytes

Question 54

how are antibodies similar and different to BCRs?

Answer 54

similar shape, but antibodies lack transmembrane portions

Question 55

where do B cells undergo clonal deletion?

Answer 55

red bone marrow

Question 56

how are self-reactive B cells different than self-reactive T cells?

Answer 56

self-reactive B cells: may become inactive or change BCR self-reactive T cells: undergo apoptosis

Question 57

how do B and T cells communicate?

Answer 57

chemical signals (cytokines)

Question 58

define: immunological synapse

Answer 58

Tc cell binds to the dendritic cell to form a cell-cell contact site

Question 59

define: clonal expansion

Answer 59

activated Tc cells reproduce to form memory T cells and more Tc progeny

Question 60

define: self-stimulation

Answer 60

Tc cells no longer require either an APC or a helper T cell

Question 61

define: memory T cells

Answer 61

some activated T cells; state of "suspended animation" in lymphoid tissues

Question 62

define: memory response

Answer 62

an enhanced cell-mediated immune response upon subsequent exposure to the same antigen

Question 63

define: T-dependent antibody immunity

Answer 63

antibody immune response depend on interaction with helper T cells

Question 64

define: plasma cells (B cells)

Answer 64

most differentiated B cells; secrete antibodies with binding sites identical to one another and complementary to specific antigen

Question 65

define: memory B cells

Answer 65

do not secrete antibodies; retain BCRs and persist in lymphoid tissues

Question 66

define: primary immune response

Answer 66

small amounts of antibodies are produced and may take days before enough antibodies are made to completely eliminate the toxins; create memory cells

Question 67

define: secondary immune response

Answer 67

many memory cells recognize and respond to antigen much quicker/faster to eliminate toxin

Question 68

what are the 4 types of acquired immunity

Answer 68

1. naturally acquired active immunity 2. naturally acquired passive immunity 3. artificially acquired active immunity 4. artificially acquired passive immunity

Question 69

define: naturally acquired active immunity

Answer 69

body responds to exposure to pathogens and environmental antigens via immune responses ex. chicken pox

Question 70

define: naturally acquired passive immunity

Answer 70

passively pass to unborn child via placenta or newborn child via breastfeeding

Question 71

define: artificially acquired active immunity

Answer 71

vaccine/ immunizations; induce immunity via antigens

Question 72

define: artificially acquired passive immunity

Answer 72

antibodies for antisera/antitoxins created from immune humans or animals (typically horses)