CS401A's Midterms: Ethics Module 03

Question 1

are two contrasting views of ethics.

Answer 1

Ethical relativism and moral absolutism

Question 2

asserts that morality depends on cultural, historical, or personal circumstances,

Answer 2

Ethical relativism

Question 3

asserts that universal moral principles are applicable to all individuals, regardless of circumstances.

Answer 3

while moral absolutism

Question 4

argues that moral values are shaped by social, cultural, and individual perspectives.

Answer 4

Ethical relativism

Question 5

What is considered right or wrong is subjective and can vary accross different societies.

Answer 5

Ethical relativism

Question 6

Main Features of

— denies the existence of objective, universally applicable moral principles.

Answer 6

Ethical Relativism

1. Rejection of Universal Moral Standards

Question 7

Main Features of

— Each culture or society establishes its ethical framework, and cultural traditions dictate what is considered morally acceptable or unacceptable within that group.

Answer 7

Ethical Relativism

2. Cultural Determination of Ethics

Question 8

Main Features of

— The norms, values, and historical contexts of a particular society shape moral judgments. What is deemed ethical is influenced by the collective beliefs and practices of the community at a given time.

Answer 8

Ethical Relativism

3. Influence of Societal Norms and Context

Question 9

Examples of

— In some cultures, arranged marriages are the norm, while in others, they are seen as a violation of individual autonomy.

Answer 9

Ethical Relativism

* Arranged Marriages

Question 10

Examples of

— Some cultures prohibit eating certain animals, whereas others consume them regularly.

(e.g., cows in India and pork in Islamic countries)

Answer 10

Ethical Relativism

* Dietary Practices

Question 11

Criticisms of

— can justify harmful or unethical practices if they are culturally accepted.

(such as discrimination or human rights abuses)

Answer 11

Ethical Relativism

* Justification of Unethical Practices

Question 12

Criticisms of

— By asserting that all moral codes are equally valid,
discourages critical examination of harmful practices and hinders moral growth and societal progress.

Answer 12

Ethical Relativism

* Prevention of Moral Progress

Question 13

Criticisms of

— In multicultural societies,
can lead to conflicting moral standards, making it difficult to resolve ethical disagreements.

Answer 13

Ethical Relativism

* Moral Inconsistency

Question 14

asserts that certain ethical principles are universal and unchanging, regardless of cultural or individual differences.

Answer 14

Moral absolutism

Question 15

Main Features of

— Moral laws apply to all individuals equally, regardless of culture, period, or personal beliefs. Right and wrong are objective and unchanging.

Answer 15

Moral absolutism

1. Universal Moral Principles

Question 16

Main Features of

— Ethical truths exist independently of societal norms or traditions. Morality is not determined by cultural perspectives but is based on fixed principles that go beyond cultural beliefs and customs.

Answer 16

Moral absolutism

2. Independence from Cultural Influence

Question 17

Main Features of

— Certain actions are inherently immoral, regardless of circumstances.

Answer 17

Moral absolutism

3. Inherent Right and Wrong

Question 18

Examples of

— Regardless of nationality or culture, all individuals have fundamental rights that should be upheld.

Answer 18

Moral Absolutism

* Universal Human Rights

Question 19

Examples of

— Regardless of context, taking another person’s life without justification is universally condemned.

Answer 19

Moral Absolutism

* Murder is Wrong

Question 20

Criticisms of

— can be rigid, ignoring cultural diversity and the complexity of human societies.

Answer 20

Moral Absolutism

* Lack of Flexibility

Question 21

Criticisms of

— It may not provide clear answers in situations where ethical principles conflict, such as balancing honesty with compassion.

Answer 21

Moral Absolutism

* Difficulty in Resolving Moral Dilemmas

Question 22

Criticisms of

— Even if universal moral values exist, different cultures and individuals may interpret and apply them differently based on context.

Answer 22

Moral Absolutism

* Interpretation Variation

Question 23

The debate between

explores whether humans have control over their actions or whether external forces predetermine their choices.

Answer 23

free will and determinism

Question 24

is the ability to make choices independently, without being entirely controlled by external forces or deterministic factors.

Answer 24

Free will

Question 25

# **Main Features of** — Individuals have **control over** their **decisions**.

Answer 25

**Free Will** | 1. **Autonomy**

Question 26

# **Main Features of** — People can **distinguish right from wrong** and are accountable for their choices.

Answer 26

**Free Will** | 2. **Ethical Responsibility**

Question 27

# **Main Features of** — **Biological or environmental factors do not entirely determine human actions**.

Answer 27

**Free Will** | 3. **Independence**

Question 28

# **Examples of** — A person **chooses** a **career** based on **interests** and **aspirations** rather than being forced into a specific path.

Answer 28

**Free Will** | * **Choosing a Career**

Question 29

# **Examples of** — **Returning a low wallet** even though they could have kept the money.

Answer 29

**Free Will** | * **Moral Choices**

Question 30

# **Examples of** — An individual **works hard** to **overcome negative habits**, which demostrates self-improvement through conscious effort.

Answer 30

**Free Will** | * **Personal Growth**

Question 31

# **Examples of** — Citizens make independent political decisions without external coercion.

Answer 31

**Free Will** | * **Voting in Elections**

Question 32

# **Criticisms of** — **Decisions** may still be **influenced by genetics**, **upbringing**, and **societal norms**.

Answer 32

**Free Will** | * **External Influences**

Question 33

# **Criticisms of** — **Neuroscientific studies** suggest that **brain activity** may **determine choices before conscious awareness**.

Answer 33

**Free Will** | * **Neuroscience**

Question 34

# **Criticisms of** may be **limited in extreme situations**, such as **coercion** or **mental illness**.

Answer 34

**Free Will** | * **Extreme Situations**

Question 35

is the **obligation** to **act in accordance** with **ethical principles** and be accountable for one's actions.

Answer 35

**Moral responsibility**

Question 36

It means **recognizing how decisions affect others** and **accepting the consequences**.

Answer 36

**Moral responsibility**

Question 37

It plays a key role in ethics, guiding behavior, and societal norms.

Answer 37

**Moral responsibility**

Question 38

# **Main Features of** requires the **ability to make choices**. Individuals **must have control over their actions** and the **freedom to choose** between **different options**.

Answer 38

— Moral responsibility | * **Agency**

Question 39

# **Main Features of** — People must be **held accountable** for the **consequences** of their **actions**, whether they were **intentional** or **unintentional**.

Answer 39

**Moral Responsibility** | * **Accountability**

Question 40

# **Main Features of** — The individual's **intention behind an action** is important in determining moral responsibility. Actions done with **deliberate intent** carry **more moral weight** than those **done accidentally**.

Answer 40

**Moral Responsibility** | * **Intentionality**

Question 41

# **Main Features of** — A person must **understand** the **potential consequences** of their actions and be aware of the **ethical implications** before **deciding**.

Answer 41

**Moral Responsibility** | * **Awareness**

Question 42

# **Main Features of** — Moral responsibility assumes that the person is **capable of understanding right from wrong**. It is often considered in the context of **age**, **mental health**, or **other factors** that might **impair decision-making**.

Answer 42

**Moral Responsibility** | * **Capacity**

Question 43

# is an **Examples of** — Choosing to **help someone in distress**, like **assisting an injured person**,

Answer 43

**Moral Responsibility** * **Helping a stranger in need** because it | involves a **conscious decision to act with kindness** and **empathy**.

Question 44

# **Examples of** — If someone **accidentally breaks** another person's **property**, they are morally responsible for **apologizing** and **taking steps to make amends**.

Answer 44

**Moral Responsibility** | * **Apologizing for a mistake**

Question 45

# **Examples of** — Parents have the moral responsibility to **raise** their **children**, **provide** for their **needs**, and **teach** them **right form wrong**.

Answer 45

**Moral Responsibility** | * **Parenting**

Question 46

# **Examples of** — A corporation that pollutes the environment has a moral responsibility to **minimize harm to the planet** and **take actions to protect natural resources**.

Answer 46

**Moral Responsibility** | * **Environmental stewardship**

Question 47

# **Examples of** — If actions are determined by prior causes, individuals **may not have true moral responsibility**, as their **choices aren't fully free**. | (genetics, upbringing, external influences)

Answer 47

**Moral Responsibility** | * **Determinism**

Question 48

# **Examples of** — The idea that **outcomes** often depend on **factors beyond a person's control** challenges the **fairness** of **assigning moral responsibility**, as two people may make the same decision but face different consequences.

Answer 48

**Moral Responsibility** | * **Moral Luck**

Question 49

# **Examples of** — Individuals with **mental health conditions** or **diminished cognitive abilities** may **not be fully responsible** for their actions, which raises ethical concerns about **accountability**.

Answer 49

**Moral Responsibility** | * **Mental Health and Capacity**

Question 50

suggests that **all events**, including **human actions**, are caused by **prior conditions** and **cannot occur otherwise**.

Answer 50

**Determinism**

Question 51

# **Main Features of** — **Every action** is the **result of preceding causes**, which **influence outcomes**.

Answer 51

**Determinism** | 1. **Causality of Actions**

Question 52

# **Main Features of** — A combination of **biological**, **environmental**, and **social factors** influences human behavior.

Answer 52

**Determinism** | 2. **Shaping of Behavior**

Question 53

# **Main Features of** — Free will **may be an illusion**, as our **choices** are **often shaped by past experiences** and **external influences**, leaving **little room for true autonomy**.

Answer 53

**Determinism** | 3. **Questioning Free Will**

Question 54

# **Examples of** — A person **born into a family** with a history of **high intelligence** may **excel academically** due to **inherited traits** and **cognitive predispositions**.

Answer 54

**Determinism** | * **Genetic Influence**

Question 55

# **Examples of** — A **child raised** in an **abusive household** may **develop trust issues** and **struggle with relationships** or **exhibit aggressive tendencies** in adulthood.

Answer 55

**Determinism** | * **Psychological Trauma**

Question 56

# **Criticisms of** — If actions are determined by **external forces** or **internal conditioning**, it may undermine **moral responsibility** and **accountability** for one's actions.

Answer 56

**Determinism** | * **Moral Accountability**

Question 57

# **Criticisms of** — Human decisions may not be **purely determined**; rather, they may involve a **blend of pre-existing influences** and some degree of free will.

Answer 57

**Determinism** | * **Complex Decision-Making**

Question 58

# **Criticisms of** — Research shows that **individuals can adapt** and **alter** their **behaviors over time** which suggests the possibility of overcoming deterministic influences through personal growth and intervention.

Answer 58

**Determinism** | * **Capacity for Change**

Question 59

refers to the moral principles that guide corporate behavior, ensuring fairness, transparency, and accountability.

Answer 59

Business ethics

Question 60

extends beyond profit-making, highlighting businesses' responsibilities towards society and the environment.

Answer 60

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)

Question 61

**governs decision-making processes** and ensures that companies **operate with integrity** and **fairness**.

Answer 61

Business ethics

Question 62

# **Main Principles of** Companies should **provide truthful information** to the customers and stakeholders.

Answer 62

**Business ethics** | 1. **Honesty and Transparency**

Question 63

# **Main Principles of** **Fair wages**, **safe working conditions**, and **non-discriminatory policies** are essential.

Answer 63

**Business ethics** | 2. **Fair Treatment of Employees**

Question 64

# **Main Principles of** Businesses must **ensure product safety** and **avoid deceptive marketing**.

Answer 64

**Business ethics** | 3. **Consumer Protection**

Question 65

# **Main Principles of** **Ethical leadership** and **accountability prevent corruption** and **fraud**.

Answer 65

**Business ethics** | 4. **Corporate Governance**

Question 66

# **Examples of** A company that **accurately represents** its **products in ads** demonstrates **ethical behavior**, whereas **misleading claims deceive consumers**.

Answer 66

**Ethical and Unethical Business Practices** | * **Honest Advertising vs. False Advertising**

Question 67

# **Examples of** Paying employees a **living wage** versus **underpaying workers** in sweatshops.

Answer 67

**Ethical and Unethical Business Practices** | * **Fair Wages vs. Exploitation**

Question 68

# **Examples of** Implementing **eco-friendly production methods** versus **disposing of waste irresponsibly**.

Answer 68

**Ethical and Unethical Business Practices** | **Environmental Sustainability vs. Pollution**

Question 69

focuses on the **ethical obligations of businesses** toward **social** and **environmental well-being**.

Answer 69

**Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)**

Question 70

# **Key Areas of** **Reducing carbon footprints**, **adopting renewable energy**, and **minimizing waste**.

Answer 70

**CSR** | 1. **Environmental Sustainability**

Question 71

# **Key Areas of** **Supporting education**, **healthcare**, and **job creation initiatives** in local communities.

Answer 71

**CSR** | 2. **Community Engagement**

Question 72

# **Key Areas of** Providing **fair wages**, **safe working conditions**, and **respecting workers' rights**.

Answer 72

**CSR** | 3. **Ethical Labor Practices**

Question 73

# **Key Areas of** **Donating** a **portion of profits** to **charities** and **social causes**.

Answer 73

**CSR** | 4. **Philanthropy**

Question 74

# **Examples of** Companies using **biodegradable materials** to **reduce environmental impact**.

Answer 74

**CSR Initiatives** | * **Eco-Friendly Packaging**

Question 75

# **Examples of** Supporting suppliers in developing countries by ensuring **fair compensation**.

Answer 75

**CSR Initiatives** | * **Fair Trade Practices**

Question 76

# **Benefits of** Ethical businesses **attract loyal customers** and **improve brand reputation**.

Answer 76

**Business Ethics and CSR** | * **Consumer Trust**

Question 77

# **Benefits of** Fair treatment of employees **increases job satisfaction** and **productivity**.

Answer 77

**Business Ethics and CSR** | * **Employee Morale**

Question 78

# **Benefits of** Investors are more likely to **support companies** with **strong ethical standards**.

Answer 78

**Business Ethics and CSR** | * **Investor Confidence**

Question 79

# **Benefits of** Companies **practicing CSR** can **achieve sustainable success** by **aligning financial goals with social impact**.

Answer 79

**Business Ethics and CSR** | * **Long-Term Profitability**

Question 80

are key to sustainable development.

Answer 80

Ethical business practices and CSR