Cumulative Content (Ch. 1- Ch. 11)

Question 1

Anatomy

Answer 1

study of the structure of the human body

Question 2

Physiology

Answer 2

study of the function of the human body

Question 3

Homeostasis

Answer 3

ability to maintain stable internal environment despite external conditions

Question 4

Components of feedback loop

Answer 4

Stimulus- change in variable
Receptor- detects stimulus
Input- info sent along afferent pathway to control center
Output- info sent along efferent pathway to effector
Response- effector feeds back to reduce effect of stimulus and return to homeostasis

Question 5

Primary constituent of plasma membrane

Answer 5

Phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol
Embedded Proteins
Carbohydrates

Question 5

Passive transport

Answer 5

Does not require ATP; moves down concentration gradient; difusion

Question 5

Active transport

Answer 5

Requires ATP; moves against concentration gradient; primary or secondary

Question 6

Osmosis

Answer 6

difusion of water

Question 6

Hypertonic

Answer 6

Cell loses water and shrinks because there is more solute than water outside cell

Question 7

Hypotonic

Answer 7

Cell gains water, swells and bursts because there is more water than solute outside the cell

Question 8

4 types of tissue

Answer 8

Epithelial=all coverings (skin); Connective=tendons, ligaments, bones; Muscular=smooth, skeletal, cardiac; Neural (nerve)= brain, spinal cord, nerves

Question 9

Keratinocyte migration through the epidermis

Answer 9

Stratum basale (single layer of metabolically active cells)
Stratum Spinosum (8-10 layers of live, some metabolically active cells)
Stratum Granulosum (transition layer- cells start to die)
Stratum Lucidum (only on thick skin, dead cells with thick plasma membrane)
Stratum Corneum (thickest layer, 25-30 layers of dead cells with thin plasma membrane)

Question 10

Appendages of the integumentary system

Answer 10

Hair
Arrector Pili muscle
Sebaceous (oil) gland
Sudoriferous (sweat) gland [eccrine=attaches to skin; apocrine= attaches to hair follicle]
Nails

Question 11

Compact bone

Answer 11

Forms dense, outer layer of bone

Question 12

Spongy bone

Answer 12

located in bone interior (spaces filled with red or yellow marrow)

Question 13

Osteon structure

Answer 13

Lamellae= circular tubes of bone
Central canal= middle space where nerves and blood vessels live
Canniculi= small channels carrying osteocyte processes
Lacunae= spaces between lamellae where osteocytes live

Question 14

Two types of ossification

Answer 14

Intramembranous= messenchyme>bone (skull & clavicle)
Endochondral= messenchyme>hyaline cartilage>bone (all other bones)

Question 15

3 structural types of joints

Answer 15

Classified by binding material
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial

Question 16

Fibrous Joint

Answer 16

(structural)
dense, irregular connective tissue
Sutures, gomophoses, syndmoses

Question 17

Cartilaginous Joint

Answer 17

(structural)
hyaline or fibrocartilage
syncondrses & symphses

Question 18

Synovial Joint

Answer 18

(structural)
synovial fluid & articular capsule
Shoulder, ankle, wrist

Question 19

Synarthrosis joint

Answer 19

(functional)
immovable
sutures, gomophoses, syndemoses

Question 19

3 functional types of joints

Answer 19

Classified by movement
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis

Question 20

Amphiarthrosis joint

Answer 20

(functional)
slightly moveable
pubic symphysis, costal cartilages

Question 21

Diarthrosis joint

Answer 21

(functional) freely moveable knee, shoulder, wrist

Question 22

Synovial Joint movement type

Answer 22

gliding, angular, rotational, and special movements

Question 23

Arrangement of connective tissue and muscle tissue within a skeletal muscle

Answer 23

Muscle (covered my epimysium) > Fasicle (covered by perimysium) > Muscle Fiber (covered by endomysium) > myofibril > sarcomere > myofilament

Question 24

Sarcomere changes during muscle contraction

Answer 24

Acting, myosin & A band stay the same length H zone, I band & Sarcomere shorten Z disc is pulled towards the M line Acting slides over myosin

Question 25

Sarcoplasm

Answer 25

Has myofibrils (rich in mitochondria)

Question 26

Sarcolemma

Answer 26

Transverse tubules

Question 27

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 27

Stores Calcium Terminal Cisternae

Question 28

NMJ structures

Answer 28

Neurons = nerve cell Post synaptic cell = muscle fiber Neurotransmitter = ACh Post synaptic cleft = membrane has junctional folds which house neurotransmitter receptors Synaptic cleft = space between synaptic end bulb and muscle fiber

Question 28

Key ingredient in excitation contraction coupling

Answer 28

Ca2+ (calcium)

Question 29

Events at NMJ

Answer 29

1) AP reaches synaptic bulb > ACh is released from synaptic vesicle 2) ACh binds to ACh receptors in junctional folds 3)Muscle AP is produced > ACh opens channel and Na enters muscle fiber 4)ACh is broken down by enzyme

Question 30

Describe the cross bridge cycle

Answer 30

1) Myosin heads hydrolyze ATP and become reoriented and reenergized 2) myosin reaches up and binds with actin, forming cross bridge 3) Myosin cross bridges rotate towards center of sarcomere- power stroke (actin slides over myosin) 4)myosin heads bind to ATP, cross bridges detatch

Question 31

Membrane potential

Answer 31

Separation of charge (potential energy)

Question 32

Resting membrane potential

Answer 32

-70 mV

Question 33

Sodium potassium pump

Answer 33

Maintains resting membrane potential (RMP) by pumping 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in. Keeps membrane polarized and able to respond to stimuli

Question 34

Action Potential

Answer 34

Self propagating wave of depolarization aka nerve impulse All-or-none= membrane potential must reach threshold (-55 mV to generate AP)

Question 35

Depolarization

Answer 35

rapid increase of membrane potential (less negative) -70 mV to +30 mV

Question 36

Repolarization

Answer 36

rapid decrease of membrane potential (more negative) +30 mV to -70 mV

Question 37

Hyperpolarization

Answer 37

Balancing back to normal RMP -80 mV to -70 mV