CV System and Disorders- Week 4 Set 1

Question 1

Layer outside the heart, protective layer

Answer 1

protective layer

Pericardium

Question 2

Middle muscle layer of heart

Answer 2

Myocardium

Question 3

Inner protective layer of the heart

Answer 3

Endocardium

Question 4

The first arteries in the heart that receive oxygen

Answer 4

Coronary arteries

Question 5

Why are the Coronary arteries the first arteries in the heart that receive oxygen?

Answer 5

heart needs adequate oxygen so it can pump blood to the rest of the body.

Question 6

Main functions of the Circulatory System

Answer 6

Transport and Temperature regulation

Question 7

What does the circulatory system transport?

Answer 7

1. 02 2. Nutrients 3. Hormones 4. Immune Substances 5. Electrolytes 6. Waste

Question 8

Waste from the circulatory system is filtered by what organs?

Answer 8

a. Kidneys b. Excretory Organs

Question 9

How many chambers in the heart?

Answer 9

four

Question 10

What are the four chambers of the heart called?

Answer 10

right atrium, right ventricle, left atrium, left ventricle.

Question 11

How many valves does the heart have

Answer 11

four

Question 12

What is the function of heart valves

Answer 12

keep blood moving in the correct direction

Question 13

How do heart valves keep blood moving in the correct direction?

Answer 13

Open only one way and only when needed

Question 14

What are the valves of the heart called?

Answer 14

Tricuspid, mitral, pulmonary and aortic valves.

Question 15

What do valves have tha topen and close once during each heartbeat?

Answer 15

flaps, called leaflets or cusps

Question 16

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 1

Answer 16

02 poor blood returns from body to heart

Question 17

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 2- after 02 poor blood returns from body to heart

Answer 17

Heart: Step 2- after 02 poor blood returns from body to heart

blood fills R atrium

Question 18

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 3- after blood fills R atrium

Answer 18

blood flow to R ventricle

Question 19

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 4- after blood flow to R ventricle

Answer 19

blood pumped to the lungs via pulmonary arteries

Question 20

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 5- after blood pumped to the lungs via pulmonary arteries

Answer 20

ungs refresh the blood with a new supply of oxygen

Question 21

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 6- after lungs refresh the blood with a new supply of oxygen

Answer 21

blood returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium

Question 22

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 7- after blood returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium

Answer 22

blood flows from left atrium to the left ventricle

Question 23

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 8- after blood flows from left atrium to the left ventricle

Answer 23

Blood is pumped through the main artery (aorta)

Question 24

Circulation of Blood thru the Heart: Step 9- after Blood is pumped through the main artery (aorta)

Answer 24

supply tissues throughout your body with oxygen

Question 25

Order of valves

Answer 25

(Superior vena cava) tricuspid, pulmonary (pulmonary vein) mitral, aortic (aorta)

Question 26

Contraction of heart

Answer 26

systole

Question 27

Relaxation of heart

Answer 27

diastole

Question 28

Electrical impulses begin in... and travel to....

Answer 28

right atrium, in the sinus node through pathways to ventricles

Question 29

What do the electrical impulses of the conduction system do?

Answer 29

deliver signal for the heart to pump

Question 30

Initial stretching of the cardiac myocytes (muscle cells) prior to contraction, related to ventricular filling. The amount the ventricles stretch at the end of diastole (EDV).

Answer 30

Preload

Question 31

Imagine balloon- once it is blown up, what does this represent?

Answer 31

Preload

Question 32

In what condition would we want to increase preload?

Answer 32

hypovolemic shock

Question 33

Why do you want to increase preload in hypovolemic shock?

Answer 33

There is not enough fluid in the body and therefore not enough pressure for preload

Question 34

How can you increase preload?

Answer 34

give fluids via IV or give meds to stimulate sns

Question 35

How do IV fluid help to increase preload?

Answer 35

increase blood volume> increase preload

Question 36

What meds help increase preload?

Answer 36

vasopressors

Question 37

How do vasopressors to help to increase preload?

Answer 37

cause vasoconstriction- increase venous return to heart

Question 38

Why would you need to decreased fluid preload?

Answer 38

fluid overload

Question 39

What condition often causes fluid overload?

Answer 39

HF

Question 40

What can you do to decrease preload?

Answer 40

give diuretics or nitro

Question 41

How do vasodilators cause a decrease in preload?

Answer 41

pulls fluid out of blood volume via renal system

Question 42

How does nitro cause a decrease in preload?

Answer 42

widening of vessels decreased venous return to heart

Question 43

Is the force or load against which the heart must contract to eject blood OR the pressure the ventricles must work against in order to get semilunar valves open so blood can leave ventricle and can go to either lungs or the body.

Answer 43

Afterload

Question 44

Things that increase afterload

Answer 44

Vasoconstriction, pulmonary hypertension, valve stenosis

Question 45

How does vasoconstriction increase afterload?

Answer 45

increases pressure to overcome

Question 46

How does pulmonary hypertension increase afterload?

Answer 46

increases pulmonary vascular resistance- increase work load on right ventricle

Question 47

How does valve stenosis increase afterload?

Answer 47

valve narrowing- working very hard to get blood throughout the body.

Question 48

Things that decreased afterload

Answer 48

vasodilators

Question 49

How do vasodilators decreased afterload

Answer 49

decrease resistance

Question 50

Strength of cardiac cells to contract/shorten

Answer 50

Cardiac contractility

Question 51

Amount of blood pumped by (each) ventricle with each beat

Answer 51

Stroke Volume (SV)

Question 52

What effects SV

Answer 52

cardiac contractility, preload and afterload

Question 53

What is normal SV?

Answer 53

70ml/ventricle

Question 54

The amount of blood the heart pumps throughout the body per min

Answer 54

Cardiac Output

Question 55

How do you calculate cardiac output?

Answer 55

HRxSV=CO

Question 56

What is the normal amount of cardial output?

Answer 56

approx. 5 L/ventricle/min | 1 beat= 70ml, 72 bpm

Question 57

The max amount of blood that can be pumped out by the heart above the normal volume

Answer 57

Cardiac Reserve

Question 58

When is cardiac reseve used?

Answer 58

exercise, stress, ect

Question 59

Cardiac output for increased age

Answer 59

300 % extra work 15L/min

Question 60

Cardiac output for young adult

Answer 60

500% extra work -25 L/min

Question 61

Cardiac output for athletes

Answer 61

600-700% extra work -30-35 L/min

Question 62

Same as the stroke volume just as a percentage

Answer 62

Ejection Fraction

Question 63

What is normal Ejection Fraction?

Answer 63

<55%

Question 64

How to calculate Ejection Fraction?

Answer 64

cross multiply ``` 70 = x 130 100(%) ``` answer 53.84%

Question 65

Valve that is narrowed and doesn't open properly

Answer 65

Heart Valve Stenosis

Question 66

What happens to the valves in Heart Valve Stenosis?

Answer 66

thicken, stiffen or fuse together

Question 67

How does Heart Valve Stenosis effect the heart?

Answer 67

Heart has to work harder to pump blood through the valve- reduced 02 to body

Question 68

backflow of blood caused by failure of the heart's mitral valve to close tightly

Answer 68

Heart Valve regurgitation

Question 69

What are other names for Heart valve regugitation?

Answer 69

Heart Valve Insufficiency or incompetence

Question 70

What is the difference between valve stenosis and valve regurgitation?

Answer 70

Stenosis-Ridged, stuck, cant open Regurgitation- Leaky, floppy allow blood backwards, doesn't close all the way

Question 71

What is the purpose of heart valves?

Answer 71

keep blood moving through the heart in the right direction

Question 72

Problems with the mitral valve?

Answer 72

stenosis, regurgitation or prolapse

Question 73

Problems with the aortic valve?

Answer 73

stenosis, age related

Question 74

Blood is prevented from flowing backward in the veins by...

Answer 74

one-way valves

Question 75

Blood flow through the capillary beds is controlled by......

Answer 75

precapillary sphincters

Question 76

How do precapillary sphincters work?

Answer 76

Increase and decrease flow depending on the body's needs

Question 77

What activates precapillary sphincters?

Answer 77

Nerve and hormone signals.

Question 78

Circulation of the blood in the smallest blood vessels

Answer 78

Microcirculation

Question 79

Where is Microcirculation found

Answer 79

within organ tissues

Question 80

What are the different types of microvessels?

Answer 80

1.terminal arterioles, 2.metarterioles, 3.capillaries, and 4.venules

Question 81

Carry oxygenated blood to the capillaries

Answer 81

Arterioles

Question 82

Blood flows out of the capillaries through what?

Answer 82

venules

Question 83

Where does blood go once it leave through venules?

Answer 83

veins

Question 84

other than blood microcirculation also includes?

Answer 84

lymphatic capillaries and collecting ducts

Question 85

Main functions of the microcirculation

Answer 85

Delivery of O2, nutrients and removal of CO2 Regulate blood flow and tissue perfusion

Question 86

What does microcirculation effect by regulating blood flow and tissue perfusion?

Answer 86

BP and edema (imflammation)

Question 87

Lymphatic System returns what?

Answer 87

Venous blood

Question 88

How many people in the US have some form of heart disease?

Answer 88

1 out of 2

Question 89

Venous or arterial? pulses

Answer 89

arterial

Question 90

Venous or arterial? deoxygenated

Answer 90

venous

Question 91

Venous or arterial? 1. Gets back through lymph systems of peripheral vascular system

Answer 91

venous