CV System and Disorders- Week 4 Set 2

Question 1

Negative feedback systems incorporating pressure sensors that sense the arterial pressure

Answer 1

Baroceptors

Question 2

The most important arterial baroreceptors

Answer 2

carotid sinus and in the aortic arch

Question 3

Mechanism of Baroceptors

Answer 3

1. stretching of the arterial wall (d/t increase pressure) 2. walls expand
2. increases firing of AP generated by the receptors.
3. If pressure decreased stretch of walls leads to a decrease in AP firing

Question 4

Sensors that detect changes in CO2, O2, and pH

Answer 4

Chemoreceptors

Question 5

What types of Chemoreceptors are there?

Answer 5

arterial and central

Question 6

Chemoreceptors that monitor changes in partial pressure of O2 and CO2

Answer 6

Arterial

Question 7

Principal peripheral chemoreceptors

Answer 7

Carotid bodies

Question 8

Carotid bodies detect changes in arterial blood oxygen levels, and the resulting chemoreflex is…

Answer 8

regulation of blood pressure.

Question 9

What happens to chemoreceptors exposed to chronic hypoxia or increased CO2?

Answer 9

They can be desensitized

Question 10

When there is no identifiable cause of high blood pressure.

Answer 10

Primary (essential) hypertension

Question 11

High blood pressure caused by an underlying condition

Answer 11

Secondary hypertension

Question 12

Characteristics of secondary hypertension

Answer 12

Tends to appear suddenly and cause higher BP than primary

Question 13

Characteristics of primary hypertension

Answer 13

Tends to develop gradually over many years.

Question 14

Pulse pressure

Answer 14

difference between the systolic and diastolic blood pressures

Question 15

average pressure in a patient’s arteries during one cardiac cycle

Answer 15

Mean Arterial Pressure

Question 16

Is systolic BP or MAP considered a better indicator of perfusion to vital organs?

Answer 16

MAP

Question 17

How is MAP measured

Answer 17

directly by invasive monitoring

Question 18

Physiological factors that influence your BP

Answer 18

1. Cardiac output

2. Peripheral vascular resistance

Question 19

Physical factors that influence your BP

Answer 19

1. Blood volume

2. Elastic property of blood vessels

Question 20

Does a loss of water volume cause BP to increase or decrease?

Answer 20

Decrease

Question 21

How does the body react to decrease in BP (or decrease in osmolarity)?

Answer 21

Reacts with different homeostatic mechanisms to try to

increase water volume back to normal levels , restore BP & ensure adequate circulation

Question 22

The measure of how strongly blood pushes against the walls of arteries,

Answer 22

Blood pressure

Question 23

What is a string indicator for blood pressure

Answer 23

blood volume, which is related to water volume

Question 24

If BP gets too low because of inadequate volume what happens?

Answer 24

Vital nutrients won’t get delivered where needed & waste won’t be taken away.

Question 25

baroreceptors that monitor BP & flow in kidney

Answer 25

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

Question 26

If decreased, JGA produces & releases what hormone

Answer 26

Renin

Question 27

When Renin is released by the JGA what happens?

Answer 27

1. Activates RAAS 2. vasoconstriction 3. increased Na+ & water resorption in kidneys 4. restored water volume

Question 28

Measure of how many osmotically active solute particles there are in a unit volume of water

Answer 28

Osmolarity

Question 29

What is measured in blood osmolarity to determine osmolarity for a blood cell?

Answer 29

Na+

Question 30

If the blood osmolarity is higher than normal, the body’s osmoreceptors think what is happening?

Answer 30

That there’s been a loss of volume.

Question 31

How does the body react to the body’s osmoreceptors thinking that there’s been a loss of volume?

Answer 31

1. Releasing Vasopressin [Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)] via hypothalamus to activate a chain of events that leads to increased water resorption by kidneys. 2. The brain induces feelings of thirst so one will

Question 32

Tumor on adrenal glands (top of kidneys)that can cause renal failure

Answer 32

Pheochromocytoma

Question 33

What condition can a. Sleep apnea can lead to?

Answer 33

HTN

Question 34

JNC 7/8 emphasizes the importance of what?

Answer 34

Low BP

Question 35

JNC: Normal

Answer 35

<120 and <80

Question 36

JNC: Prehypertension

Answer 36

120-139 OR 80-89

Question 37

JNC: Stage 1

Answer 37

140-159 OR 90-99

Question 38

JNC: Stage 2

Answer 38

>160 OR > 100

Question 39

Goal of treating HTN

Answer 39

Prevent target organ damage

Question 40

What organs are effects by HTN?

Answer 40

Brain Heart Kidneys

Question 41

How does HTN effect: Brain

Answer 41

Stroke

Question 42

How does HTN effect: Kidneys

Answer 42

Renal failure

Question 43

Top two reasons for renal failure

Answer 43

Diabetes | HTN

Question 44

Mean Arterial BP calculation

Answer 44

CO X SVR (cardiac output)x(systemic vascular resistance)

Question 45

Factors influencing Mean Arterial BP: Physical

Answer 45

1. Volume | 2. Elastic Properties

Question 46

Factors influencing Mean Arterial BP: Physiologic

Answer 46

1. CO | 2. Vascular resistance

Question 47

Examples of things that cause primary hypertension

Answer 47

Lifestyle related: Alcohol, smoking, obesity. poor diet

Question 48

Extremely high blood pressure that develops rapidly and causes some type of organ damage

Answer 48

Malignant hypertension

Question 49

Malignant hypertension how high?

Answer 49

above 180/120

Question 50

How to remember Systolic vs Diastolic HTN?

Answer 50

SC-Systole contraction | DR- Diastole relaxation

Question 51

Are genetics a risk factor for HTN?

Answer 51

Yes

Question 52

High blood pressure that develops after 20 weeks of pregnancy

Answer 52

gestational hypertension

Question 53

Some women with gestational hypertension can eventually develop...

Answer 53

Preeclampsia

Question 54

If not treated properly gestational hypertension can also lead to fetal problems including...

Answer 54

intrauterine growth restriction (poor fetal growth) and stillbirth

Question 55

Lesion formation by the promotion of both the early and late mechanisms of atherosclerosis

Answer 55

Endothelial dysfunction

Question 56

Family of organic compounds that are mostly insoluble in water, composed of fats and oils, yield high energy

Answer 56

lipids

Question 57

Primary functions of lipids

Answer 57

1. Structure of cell membranes 2. Energy storehouses 3. Signaling molecules

Question 58

Three main types of lipids

Answer 58

1. triacylglycerols (also called triglycerides) 2. phospholipids 3. sterols (cholesterol)

Question 59

Hypercholesterolemia vs HLD

Answer 59

Hyperlipidemia means your blood has too many lipids (or fats), such as cholesterol and triglycerides. hypercholesterolemia is a type of HDL and means there's too much LDL cholesterol in your blood.

Question 60

Substances made of protein and fat that carry cholesterol through your bloodstream

Answer 60

Lipoproteins

Question 61

Types of lipoproteins

Answer 61

HDL LDL VLDL Chylomicrons

Question 62

Good cholesterol

Answer 62

HDL

Question 63

Bad cholesterol

Answer 63

LDL

Question 64

Total cholesterol levels in relation to heart disease risk

Answer 64

Low <200 Borderline 200-239 High 240+

Question 65

LDL cholesterol levels in relation to heart disease risk

Answer 65

Low <130 Borderline 130-159 High 160+

Question 66

HDL cholesterol levels in relation to heart disease risk

Answer 66

Low >60 Borderline 50-59 High <50

Question 67

Triglycerides levels in relation to heart disease risk

Answer 67

Low <150 Borderline 150-199 High >200

Question 68

Is HLD genetically linked?

Answer 68

Very

Question 69

If HLD is in family what should occur?

Answer 69

Children should have lipid checked

Question 70

More of HDL causes what?

Answer 70

good, more of these less risk for CAD

Question 71

Why do we need them?:

Answer 71

1. Energy metabolism 2. Blood coagulation 3. For myelin sheath in brain and some membranes

Question 72

Which lipoprotein is not monitored much?

Answer 72

VLDL