Genital and Urinary System Disorders (FEMALE)- Notes from Slideshow (Quiz 4) PART 1 Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
Normal menstrual cycle: phases
A
- mensuration phase
- follicular phase
- ovulation phase
- luteal phase
2
Q
Normal menstrual cycle: Hormones
A
- LH
- FSH
- Estrogen
- Progesterone
3
Q
Normal menstrual cycle: Hormone levels during menstruation phase
A
- LH: stable/normal
- FSH: stable/normal
- Estrogen: stable/normal
- Progesterone: stable/normal
4
Q
Normal menstrual cycle: Hormone levels during follicular phase
A
- LH: spiked increase
- FSH: spiked increase
- Estrogen: spiked increase
- Progesterone: stable/normal
5
Q
Normal menstrual cycle: Hormone levels during ovulation phase
A
- LH: decreases back to stable/normal
- FSH: decreases back to stable/normal
- Estrogen: begins to decrease
- Progesterone: stable/normal
6
Q
Normal menstrual cycle: Hormone levels during luteal phase
A
- LH: stable/normal
- FSH: stable/normal
- Estrogen: dips low early in phase then elevates back to high level late in phase then lowers back to stable/normal by the end of phase
- Progesterone: Slowly increases reaches peak then decrease back to normal consistently over course of phase
7
Q
Normal menstrual cycle: Uterus changes in each phase
A
- mensuration phase: Shedding lining
- follicular phase: growth of a thin to medium lining
- ovulation phase: -
- luteal phase: Thickening of lining
8
Q
Normal menstrual cycle: Ovary changes in each phase
A
- mensuration phase: developing follicle
- follicular phase: mature follicle
- ovulation phase: release of egg
- luteal phase: early corpus luteum changes to regressing corpus luteum which changes to corpus albicans
9
Q
- Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
- Menorrhagia
- Metrorrhagia
- Hypomenorrhea
- Amenorrhea
- PMS
A
Menstrual Cycle Abnormalities
10
Q
Menstrual Cycle Abnormalities
A
- Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
- Menorrhagia
- Metrorrhagia
- Hypomenorrhea
- Amenorrhea
- PMS
11
Q
Abnormal uterine bleeding in the absence of an organic uterine lesion
A
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
12
Q
Most common cause of Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
A
anovulation
13
Q
Failure to ovulate
A
anovulation
14
Q
Profuse or prolonged uterine bleeding
A
Menorrhagia
15
Q
irregular uterine bleeding between periods
A
Metrorrhagia
16
Q
A short or scanty menstruation
A
Hypomenorrhea
17
Q
Absence of menstruation
A
Amenorrhea
18
Q
Syndrome typically occurring in a predictable pattern before the onset of menstruation
A
Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
19
Q
A hormonal disorder causing enlarged ovaries with small cysts on the outer edges.
A
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS)
20
Q
Symptoms of PCOS
A
- infrequent, irregular or prolonged periods
- excess androgen levels
21
Q
What is androgen?
A
male hormone
22
Q
Result of PCOS
A
- ovaries develop small collections of fluid (called follicles)
- fail to regularly release eggs
23
Q
A disorder in which tissue that normally lines the uterus grow on other pelvic organs.
A
Endometriosis
24
Q
What other pelvic organs does uterine tissue grow on in Endometriosis?
A
- ovaries
- fallopian tubes
- pelvis lining
25
What can Endometriosis cause to happen?
Outside the uterus the abnormal endometrial tissue
- thickens
- bleeds
26
Normal female reproductive system anatomy- be able to identify and locate
- ovary
- fallopian tube
- uterus
- endometrium
- vulva
- vagina
- labia majora
- labia minora
- clitoris
27
Non Neoplastic Epithelial Disorders
- Lichen Sclerosus
| - Lichen Simplex Chronicus
28
Uncommon condition that creates patchy, white skin that appears thinner than normal. Usually on the genital/anal areas.
Lichen Sclerosus
29
Smooth, white plaques in Lichen Sclerosus are called what?
leukoplakia
30
What occurs to the epithelium in Lichen Sclerosus ?
- superficial dermis: fibrosed
| - deeper dermis: chronic inflammatory cells
31
Etiology of Lichen Sclerosus
Hypothesized to be autoimmune
32
Why is Lichen Sclerosus Hypothesized to be autoimmune?
- Activated T cells found in the subepithelial inflammatory infiltrate
- Increased frequency of autoimmune disorders in affected women
33
Localized, well-circumscribed area of thickened, skin.
Lichen Simplex Chronicus
34
Symptoms if Lichen Simplex Chronicus
- hyperkeratosis
- leukoplakia
- chronic irritation
- puritis
35
Thickening of the outer layer of the skin which contains a tough, protective protein called keratin in order to protect against irritation.
hyperkeratosis
36
What causes Lichen Simplex Chronicus?
An underlying inflammatory dermatosis
37
Important take away when considering a Lichen Sclerosus or Lichen Simplex Chronicus diagnosis.
- Leukoplakia can be seen in a variety of other benign conditions (Ex: psoriasis)
- Leukoplakia can also be seen in malignant lesions of the vulva (squamous cell carcinoma or invasive squamous cell carcinoma)
- Therefore, BIOPSY/micro exam are important to differentiate
38
What is seen on a micro exam of cells from a pt with and Lichen Simplex Chronicus?
- epidermal and epithelial hyperplasia
- hyperkeratosis
- fibrotic vertical streaks of collagen b/w hyperplastic rete
39
Inflammation of the vulva
Vulvitis
40
Inflammation of the vagina
Vaginitis
41
Most common causes of Vulvitis/Vaginitis.
Reactive inflammation in response to a stimulus
42
What are examples of stimuli that could cause Vulvitis/Vaginitis?
- irritant
- allergen
- infection
43
What are some infections that cause Vulvitis/Vaginitis?
- HPV
- HSV
- Gonorrhea
- Chlamydia
- Candida
- BV
44
Complication of vulvitis
- Obstruction of Bartholin glands
| - Can cause Bartholin cyst and abscess formation
45
Two excretory, pea sized, compound, alveolar glands found slightly posterior and bilateral to the vaginal opening.
Bartholin glands
46
What do Bartholin glands excrete?
Mucus to lubricate the vagina
47
Bartholin's glands are homologous to male anatomy?
bulbourethral glands
48
Main symptom of HPV
Warts
49
Main symptom of HSV
Cold sore
50
Rate of Gonorrhea in MA in 2018
118 per 100,000
51
Rate of Chlamydia in MA in 2018
444 per 100,000
52
State with highest rate of Gonorrhea in MA in 2018. How many?
- DC
| - 611 per 100,000
53
State with lowest rate of Gonorrhea in MA in 2018. How many?
- Puerto Rico
| - 17 per 100,000
54
State with highest rate of Chlamydia in MA in 2018. How many?
- DC
| - 1,299 per 100,000
55
State with lowest rate of Chlamydia in MA in 2018. How many?
- American Samoa
| - 107 per 100,000
56
Types of Vaginal Infections
- Vaginal Yeast Infection (candida)
| - Bacterial Vaginosis (BV)
57
Vaginal Infections are typically related to what?
An imbalance normal vaginal flora
58
Vaginal Infections are typically NOT related to what?
STIs
59
Best way to determine etiology of Vaginal Infections
- pelvic exam
| - wet mount slide-view micro
60
Candida vs BV: Micro findings
- Candida: fungal spores/budding yeast
| - BV: blue cells
61
Candida vs BV: etiology
- Candida: candida/yeast overgrowth
| - BV: bacteria overgrowth
62
Candida risk factors
- Antibiotic use
- Increased estrogen levels
- Uncontrolled diabetes
- Impaired immune system
63
BV risk factors
- Having multiple sex partners
- Having a new sex partner
- Douching
- Natural lack of lactobacilli bacteria
64
Candida vs BV: itch and irritation
- Candida: Yes
| - BV: No
65
Candida vs BV: odor
- Candida: Unpleasant, fish-like
| - BV: no
66
Candida vs BV: discharge consistency
- Candida: thin/watery
| - BV: thick like cottage cheese
67
Candida vs BV: discharge color
- Candida: white/grey
| - BV: white
68
Candida vs BV: soreness
- Candida: Yes
| - BV: No
69
Bacterial infection of the female reproductive organs effecting the Pelvis
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease PID
70
What causes PID?
- Untreated bacterial infections
| - Spread past the cervix to the pelvic organs/abdominal cavity
71
What bacteria left untreated is known to cause PID?
- chlamydia
| - gonorrhea
72
- Acute abdominal/pelvic pain
- N&V
- Sometimes fever
- Purulent cervical discharge
- Cervical motion tenderness
Symptoms of PID
73
Symptoms of PID
- Acute abdominal/pelvic pain
- N&V
- Sometimes fever
- Purulent cervical discharge
- Cervical motion tenderness
74
Complication of untreated PID
- Permanent scarring of reproductive organs
| - Can cause infertility
75
Is PID curable?
Yes if treated
76
A herniation of the bladder into the vagina
Cystocele
77
Cystocele is also known as?
Bladder:
- prolapse
- herniation
- dropped/fallen
78
Cause of Cystocele
- ligaments/muscles holding bladder up stretch/weaken
| - causes bladder to sag into the vagina
79
Causes of weakening/stretching in Cystocele
- childbirth
- constipation
- violent coughing
- heavy lifting
80
Symptoms of Cystocele
- pressure in pelvis/vagina
- discomfort when straining
- feeling that bladder isn't fully empty after urinating
81
Weakness of the rectovaginal septum causing herniation
Rectocele
82
Tissue between the rectum and the vagina
Rectovaginal septum
83
Cause of Rectocele
- process put pressure on wall
| - cause wall to become thin/weak over time
84
Cause of weakening/stretching in Rectocele
- childbirth
| - other pressures
85
Symptoms of Rectocele
- often no symptoms
- soft bulge in the vagina (may or may not protrude through the vaginal opening)
- difficult BMs
86
Descending of the small intestine into the lower pelvic cavity.
Enterocele
87
Symptoms of Enterocele
bulge at top of vagina
88
Complications of Enterocele
Pelvic organ prolapse
