Endocrine System and Disorders- Notes from slideshow (quiz 3) PART 1 Flashcards by Julia Amero

What bodily mechanisms does the endocrine regulate?

Growth & Reproduction
Water balance & Metabolism
Calcium and BS levels
Response to stress

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Growth
Water balance
Reproduction
Metabolism
Calcium and BS levels
Response to stress

What bodily mechanisms does the endocrine regulate?

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What organs are included in the endocrine system?

Pituitary
Ovaries & Testes
Thyroid & Parathyroids
Pancreas & Adrenals

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This course is only focusing on what organs?

Thyroid
Pancreas
Adrenals

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The endocrine system regulates (metabolism) by means of _______.

Thyroid

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The endocrine system regulates (calcium and BS levels) by means of _______.

Thyroid and pancreas

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The endocrine system regulates (response to stress) by means of _______.

Adrenals

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The endocrine system regulates _____ by means of (thyroid).

Metabolism

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The endocrine system regulates _____ by means of (thyroid and pancreas).

Calcium and BS levels

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The endocrine system regulates _____ by means of (adrenals).

Response to stress

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Where are adrenals located?

On top of kidneys

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Where is thyroid located

in neck

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Where is pancreas located?

b/w kidneys

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What hormones does the thyroid excrete?

T3 and T4

2. Calcitonin

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What type of hormone are T3 and T4?

Amine

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What type of hormone is calcitonin?

Peptide

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What does T3 and T4 do?

Increase metabolism
Blood pressure
Regulates tissue growth

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What does calcitonin do?

In Children:

Regulates of blood calcium
Through uptake in bone

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What are the different types of adrenal glands?

Adrenal medulla

2. Adrenal cortex

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What hormones does the Adrenal medulla excrete?

2. Norepi

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What type of hormones are Epi and norepi?

Amine

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What does Epi and norepi do?

Short term stress response:
increase BS and HR
vasoconstriction
blood diversion

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What hormones does the Adrenal cortex excrete?

Glucocorticoids

2. Mineralocorticoids

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What type of hormones are Glucocorticoids and Mineralocorticoids?

Steroids

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What do Glucocorticoids do?

1. Long term stress response 2. increased BS levels 2. blood vol. maintenance 3. immune suppression

What do Mineralocorticoids do?

1. Long term stress response 2. blood vol. and pressure maintenance 3. sodium and H2O retention by kidneys

A condition in which the thyroid gland doesn't produce enough thyroid hormone.

Hypothyroidism

In general what happens to the body of a pt with hypothyroidism

Everything slows down

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

1. Hair loss/receding hairline/brittle hair and nails 2. Apathy 3. Lethargy/extreme fatigue 4. Dry/coarse/scaly skin 5. Muscle aches/weakness 6. Constipation 7. Intolerance to cold 8. Facial/eyelid edema 9. Dull blank expression 10. Thick tongue 11. Slow speech 12. Anorexia 13. Menstrual disturbances

Symptoms of Hypothyroidism

Late clinical manifestations of Hypothyroidism

1. Low temp 2. Low HR 3. Weight gain 4. Low LOC 5. Thick skin 6. Cardiac complications

Late clinical manifestations of Hypothyroidism

Severe hypothyroidism leading to decreased mental status, hypothermia, and other symptoms related to slowing of function in multiple organs.

Myxedema coma

Is Myxedema coma an emergency? Is it fatal?

1. Yes | 2. Often

In general what happens to the body of a pt with hyperthyroidism?

All the fast reactions

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

1. Intolerance to heat 2. Fine, straight hair 3. Bulging eyes 4. Enlarged thyroid 5. High HR 6. High systolic BP 7. Breast enlargement 8. Weight loss 9. Muscle wasting 10. Finger clubbing 11. Tremors 12. Diarrhea 13. Amenorrhea 14. Localized Edema

Symptoms of Hyperthyroidism

Life-threatening health condition that is associated with untreated or undertreated hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid Storm

Thyroid Storm S&S

1. High temp | 2. Cardiac problems- Increased HR

What type of medication would a pt with thyroid storm need? What's an example?

1. A non specific beta blocker | 2. Ex: Inderal (older med)

What should you be careful of when prescribing Inderal for Thyroid Storm?

Since it is non specific it could cause an exacerbation in pts with asthma

Disease that occurs when the immune system attacks the thyroid and destroys it.

Hashimoto's Disease

Hashimoto's Disease prevalence in US

1. Most common reason for hypothyroidism in US (developed countries)

Why are other forms of hypothyroidism NOT prevalent in the US?

We can buy salt with iron in it so we have an adequate iron intake

Physical characteristic of untreated Hashimoto's

goiter

Hashimoto's Disease Risk Factors

1. Autoimmune diseases 2. Genetics 3. Female 4. Increased Age 5. Elevated thyroid antibody levels 6. Bacterial infections 7. Excessive iodine intake 8. Smoking

1. Autoimmune diseases 2. Genetics 3. Female 4. Increased Age 5. Elevated thyroid antibody levels 6. Bacterial infections 7. Excessive iodine intake

Hashimoto's Disease Risk Factors

Pathophysiology of Hashimoto's Disease

Destruction of thyroid cells by immune-mediated process

Hashimoto's Disease Symptoms

1. Fatigue 2. Constipation 3. Day skin 4. Weight gain

Hashimoto's Disease Symptoms

When the immune system mistakenly attacks the thyroid gland and causes it to overproduce thyroid hormone. Most common form of hyperthyroidism.

Grave's Disease

Grave's Disease Symptoms

1. Enlargement of thyroid (goiter) 2. Exophthalmos (eye bulging) 3. Heat intolerance 4. Anxiety/irratability 5. Diffuse goiter 6. Hand tremors 7. Perspiration/moist skin 8. Weight loss 9. Increased/ireegular HR 10. Thick red skin on shins or tops of feet 11. Sexual dysfunction 12. Frequent BMs

Grave's Disease Symptoms

Which tissues are most effected in Grave's Disease?

1. Tissue behind eyes | 2. Skin- usually lower legs and feet

What body mechanism is effected in Grave's Disease? By how much?

1. Metabolism | 2. 60-100%

Is Grave's Disease life-threatening?

Rarely

At what age does graves disease develop?

Any age but usually after 20

What gender does graves disease effect?

Any gender but usually women

When questioning a thyroid disorder what test should the APRN order?

TSH

Hypo vs Hyper thyroid: TSH

Hypo: increased Hyper: decreased

Hypo vs Hyper thyroid: T3 and T4

Hypo: decreased Hyper: increased

Other causes of Hypothyroidism

1. Congenital 2. Radiation 3. Surgical removal 4. Virus 5. Autoimmune

Other causes of Hypothyroidism

Other causes of Hyperthyroidism

1. Toxic Adenoma 2. Multi node goiter 3. Thyroid hormone overdose

Other causes of Hyperthyroidism

Disease cased by excess cortisol-like medications or a tumor that produces or results in the production of excessive cortisol.

Cushing's Syndrome and Cushing's Disease

Careful not to mix up Cushing's syndrome and crushing's disease. What's the difference?

Cushing's DISEASE is caused by a pituitary adenoma

What is an example of a cortisol like medication?

prednisone

Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome

1. Enlarged supraclavicular fat pads (buffalo hump) 2. Moon face 3. Osteoporosis 4. Dark facial hair (women) 5. Cardiac hypertrophy 6. HTN 7. Obesity 8. Muscle wasting in limbs (thin extremities, round stomach) 9. Poor wound healing 10. Abdominal striae 11. Amenorrhea

Symptoms of Cushing's Syndrome/Disease

What does Cushing's Syndrome lead to?

HTN

A disorder in which the adrenal glands don't produce enough | cortisol (and sometimes aldosterone, too).

Addison's disease

Common mix-up with symptoms of Addison's disease? Why is it important not to mix up?

1. That the pt is depressed | 2. Can lead to lead to adrenal crises

Symptoms of Addison's Disease

1. Bronze skin 2. Changes in hair distribution 3. Hypoglycemia 4. Postural Hypotension 5. GI disturbances 6. Weakness 7. Weight loss

Symptoms of Addison's Disease

Potentially life-threatening medical condition due to severe adrenal insufficiency caused by insufficient levels of the hormone cortisol.

Adrenal crisis

Symptoms of Adrenal Crisis

1. Profound Fatigue 2. Dehydration 3. Vascular Collapse (low BP) 4. Renal Shut down 5. Low serum NA 6. High serum K

What can adrenal disorders cause?

high and lethal K arrhythmias

An autoimmune disease, whereby the body's immune system reacts against its own cells, in this case the insulin producing cells in the pancreas, and begins to kill these cells.

Type 1 Diabetes

Normal Vs DMT1: function

Normal: Islet cells make insulin, insulin eats glucose, glucose used by body for many things DMT1: Islet cells destroyed (by autoimmune), excess glucose without carrier, body does not get sugar

Diabetes Complications

Damage/disease of: 1. Heart/blood vessels 2. Nerves 3. Kidneys 4. Eyes 5. Feet 6. Pregnancy

A serious diabetes complication where the body produces excess blood acids (ketones).

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

Mechanism by which DKA occurs

1. Muscle unable to use excess glucose 2. Sugar broken down into glycogen and proteins 3. Ketoacidosis

How high is sugar in DKA?

Usually 250+ but not as high as in HHS

Indicators of DKA

1. Usually BS 250+ (not as high as in HHS) | 2. ketones in urine

Chronic insulin resistance condition that affects the way the body processes BS The body either doesn't produce enough insulin, or it resists insulin.

Diabetes Type II (DMT2)

Normal vs DMT2: process

Normal: Islet cells make insulin, insulin eats glucose, glucose used by body for many things DMT1: Islet cells intact, sufficient insulin but it is resisted and not taken up by BS, increased BS that cant be used by muscle b/c its not attached to insulin

What causes DMT2?

1. Obesity | 2. Inheritance

Complications of DMT2

1. CAD 2. PAV 3. Renal disease 4. Eye problems 5. GI problems

A metabolic complication of DM (usually DMT2) characterized by severe hyperglycemia, extreme dehydration, hyperosmolar plasma, and altered consciousness.

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic state (HHS)

What sets HHS apart from DKA?

1. Higher BS (600+) | 2. No ketones in urine

Other names for HHS

1. HHNC-Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic Coma 2. HHNS-Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Nonketotic State 3. HHNK-Hyperosmolar Hyperglycemic Non-Ketotic

A cluster of conditions that occur together, increasing your risk of heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes.

Metabolic Syndrome

What are the 5 defining features of metabolic Syndrome?

1. Visceral obesity 2. Insulin resistance 3. HTN 4. High triglycerides 5. Low HDL- cholesterol

What are the 5 defining features of metabolic Syndrome?

What is a further complication of Metabolic Syndrome?

DMT2

What test can be done to define Metabolic Syndrome?

FBS or glucose tolerance test

A form of high blood sugar affecting pregnant women.

Gestational Diabetes

Symptoms of Gestational Diabetes

Often no symptoms

How to diagnose Gestational Diabetes

Blood sugar test

What causes Gestational Diabetes?

Placental hormones

How can Gestational Diabetes effect baby?

1. High BS in mother 2. Brings BS to baby 3. Overweight baby

How can Gestational Diabetes effect a women after pregnancy?

More prone to DMT2 later in life.

Endocrine System and Disorders- Notes from slideshow (quiz 3) PART 1 Flashcards

(103 cards)