Nervous System: Part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
How is the nervous system divided?
A
- CNS
2. PNS
2
Q
What makes up the CNS?
A
- brain
- spinal cord
3
Q
What makes up the PNS?
A
- ANS
- SNS
4
Q
What does ANS stand for?
A
Autonomic NS
5
Q
What does SNS stand for?
A
Somatic NS
6
Q
What does the ANS do?
A
Communicates with internal organs and glands
7
Q
What does the SNS do?
A
Communicates with sense organs and voluntary muscles
8
Q
What makes up the ANS?
A
- Sympathetic NS
2 Parasympathetic NS
9
Q
What does the sympathetic NS do?
A
Arouse
10
Q
What does the parasympathetic NS do?
A
Calm
11
Q
What makes up the Somatic NS?
A
- Sensory NS
2. Motor NS
12
Q
What does the Sensory NS do?
A
- afferent
- sensory input
13
Q
What does the Motor NS do?
A
- efferent
- motor output
14
Q
What controls the PNS?
A
The CNS
15
Q
What are the 8 major neurotransmitters?
A
Acetylcholine Adrenaline Noradrenaline Dopamine Endorphins GABA Glutamate Serotonin
16
Q
What is the major function: Adrenaline
A
Fight or Flight
17
Q
What is the major function: GABA
A
Calming
18
Q
What is the major function: Noradrenaline
A
Concentration
19
Q
What is the major function: Acetylcholine
A
Learning
20
Q
What is the major function: Dopamine
A
Pleasure
21
Q
What is the major function: Glutamate
A
Learning
22
Q
What is the major function: Serotonin
A
mood regulation
23
Q
What is the major function: Endorphins
A
Euphoria
24
Q
Which neurotransmitter: Produced in stressful situations
A
Adrenaline
25
Which neurotransmitter: Increases HR and blood flow
Adrenaline
26
Which neurotransmitter: Results in physical boost and awareness
Adrenaline
27
Which neurotransmitter: Calms firing nerves in the CNS
GABA
28
Which neurotransmitter: High levels improves focus
GABA
29
Which neurotransmitter: Low levels cause anxiety
GABA
30
Which neurotransmitter: Contributes to motor control and vision
GABA
31
Which neurotransmitter: Affects attention
Noradrenaline
32
Which neurotransmitter: Affects responding actions in the brain
Noradrenaline
33
Which neurotransmitter: Contracts blood vessels
Noradrenaline
34
Which neurotransmitter: Increases blood flow
Noradrenaline
35
Which neurotransmitter: Involved in thought, learning and memory
Acetylcholine
36
Which neurotransmitter: Activates muscle action in body
Acetylcholine
37
Which neurotransmitter: Associated with attention and wakening
Acetylcholine
38
Which neurotransmitter: Creates feelings of pleasure
Dopamine
39
Which neurotransmitter: Creates feelings of addiction
Dopamine
40
Which neurotransmitter: Creates feelings of movement
Dopamine
41
Which neurotransmitter: Creates feelings of motivation
Dopamine
42
Which neurotransmitter: People repeat behaviors that lead to the release of this neurotransmitter
Dopamine
43
Which neurotransmitter: Most common neurotransmitter
Glutamate
44
Which neurotransmitter: Involved in learning and memory
Glutamate
45
Which neurotransmitter: Regulates development and creation of nerve contacts
Glutamate
46
Which neurotransmitter: Contributes to well being and happiness
Serotonin
47
Which neurotransmitter: Helps sleep cycle
Serotonin
48
Which neurotransmitter: Helps digestive regulation
Serotonin
49
Which neurotransmitter: Affected by exercise
Serotonin
50
Which neurotransmitter: Affected by sun exposure
Serotonin
51
Which neurotransmitter: Released during exercise
Endorphins
52
Which neurotransmitter: Released during sex
Endorphins
53
Which neurotransmitter: Released during excitement
Endorphins
54
Which neurotransmitter: Produces well being and euphoria
Endorphins
55
Which neurotransmitter: Reduces pain
Endorphins
56
Function of the CNS
- Integration
| - Control center
57
What makes up the PNS
- cranial nerves
| - spinal nerves
58
Function of the PNS
Communication line between the CNS and the rest of the body
59
What type of nerve fibers make up the Sensory NS?
Somatic and visceral nerve fibers
60
What type of nerve fibers make up the Motor NS?
Motor nerve fibers
61
What is the function of the Sensory NS?
Conduct impulses from receptors to the CNS
62
What is the function of the Motor NS?
Conduct impulses from CNS to effectors
63
What are the effectors that the motor NS conducts impulses from?
- muscles
| - glands
64
What type of motor impulses does the ANS produce?
- visceral
| - involuntary
65
What type of motor impulses does the SNS produce?
- somatic
| - voluntary
66
Function of the ANS
Conducts impulses from the CNS to cardiac muscles, smooth muscles, and glands
67
Function of the SNS
Conducts impulses from the CNS to skeletal muscles
68
What are the brain lobes?
1. Frontal Lobe
2. Occipital Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Parietal Lobe
69
Which brain lobe?: Abstract versus concrete reasoning
Frontal Lobe
70
Which brain lobe: Motivation/volition
Frontal Lobe
71
Which brain lobe: Concentration
Frontal Lobe
72
Which brain lobe: Decision making
Frontal Lobe
73
Which brain lobe: Purposeful behavior
Frontal Lobe
74
Which brain lobe: Memory, sequencing
Frontal Lobe
75
Which brain lobe: , making meaning of language
Frontal Lobe
76
Which brain lobe: Speech organization & production
Frontal Lobe
77
Which brain lobe: Aspects of emotional response
Frontal Lobe
78
Which brain lobe: Vision
Occipital Lobe
79
Which brain lobe: Possible information holding area
Occipital Lobe
80
Which brain lobe: Sensory integration
Parietal Lobe
81
Which brain lobe: spatial relations
Parietal Lobe
82
Which brain lobe: Bodily awareness
Parietal Lobe
83
Which brain lobe: Filtration of background stimuli
Parietal Lobe
84
Which brain lobe: Personality factors and symptom denial
Parietal Lobe
85
Which brain lobe: Memory and nonverbal memory
Parietal Lobe
86
Which brain lobe: Concept formation
Parietal Lobe
87
Which brain lobe:
Parietal Lobe
88
Which brain lobe:
Parietal Lobe
89
Which brain lobe:
Parietal Lobe
90
Which brain lobe: Visual–spatial recognition
Temporal Lobe
91
Which brain lobe: Attention
Temporal Lobe
92
Which brain lobe: Motivation
Temporal Lobe
93
Which brain lobe: Emotional modulation and interpretation
Temporal Lobe
94
Which brain lobe: Impulse and aggression control
Temporal Lobe
95
Which brain lobe: Interpretation and meaning of social contact
Temporal Lobe
96
Which brain lobe: Aspects of sexual action and meaning
Temporal Lobe
97
Which brain lobe:
Temporal Lobe
98
Which brain lobe:
Temporal Lobe
99
How are TBIs categorized?
1. Primary (Direct) Injury
| 2. Secondary Injury
100
How is a primary TBI caused?
by an impact
101
How is a secondary TBI caused?
Results from the subsequent:
- brain swelling
- infection
- cerebral hypoxia
102
How do primary TBIs present:?
- diffuse axonal injury
- focal lesions of laceration
- contusion
- hemorrhage
103
How do secondary TBIs present?
-diffuse or multifocal
-concussion
-infection
hypoxic brain injury
104
How is the brain positioned in the skull
floats freely in CSF
105
Coup–Contrecoup Injury
- blunt force to head
- accelerates brain within skull/CSF
- brain decelerates abruptly on hitting inner skull surfaces
106
Coup
Direct contusion of brain at the site of external force
107
Contrecoup
Rebound injury on opposite side of brain
108
What is the cerebellar region of the brain responsible for?
balance
109
What does trauma in a TBI result in?
inflammation
110
What is a common pathway for brain injury?
Increased ICP
111
What can be the result of ICP?
- obstruct cerebral blood flow
- destroy brain cells
- displace brain tissue
- damage to delicate brain structures
112
What is the cranial cavity made up of?
- Blood
- Brain tissue
- CSF
113
What percentage of the cranial cavity is made up of blood?
10%
114
What percentage of the cranial cavity is made up of brain tissue?
80%
115
What percentage of the cranial cavity is made up of CSF?
10%
116
What is normal ICP?
0-15 mmHg
117
What is the Monro-Kellie doctrine?
hypothesis of normalization of ICP
118
What does the Monro-Kellie doctrine hypothesize?
An increase in the volume of any one of the 3 components (brain, blood, CSF) must be at the expense of the other two beyond autoregulation.
119
Which of the 3 brain components is least compressible?
brain
120
Which of the 3 brain components is autoregulated?
blood flow
121
What is CPP
Cerebral Perfusion Pressure
122
What is normal range for CPP?
When CPP is out of range of 60-160 mmHg
123
When does autoregulation kick in?
When CPP is out of normal range
124
What occurs if CPP is decreased?
Decreased Cerebral blood flow
125
At what pressure does cerebral blood flow decrease?
< 60 mmHg
126
As a clinician what is important to assess when considering ICP
BP
127
Why is BP important to assess when considering ICP?
Need high enough BP to perfuse brain (but not too high)
128
Other than trauma, what else can cause ICP?
Tumors
129
Teachers pearl about ICP
- Teacher worked in neuro trauma
- open up skull (flap open up)
- allowed swelling to give room in the roof of your head
- allows the brain tissue to swell
- also were giving steroids (and other things) to bring swelling down
130
What is abnormal posturing?
an involuntary flexion or extension of the arms
131
What does abnormal posturing indicate?
severe brain injury
132
What are the two types of abnormal posturing?
1. Decorticate
| 2. Decerebrate
133
What does Decorticate posturing look like?
flexing to the core
134
What does Decerebrate posturing look like?
extension from the core
135
Does abnormal posturing occur on one or both sides of the body?
Can be unilateral or bilateral
136
is Decorticate posturing serious
Yes, but not as serious as Decerebrate
137
What is Decorticate posturing a sign of?
Damage to the nerve pathway between the brain and spinal cord
138
Concussion
- immediate and transient loss of consciousness
- accompanied by a brief period of amnesia
- after a blow to the head
139
How long does it take to recover from a concussion?
24 hours
140
Characteristics of concussion symptoms
-can be:
- vague
- subjective
- mild
141
How long can symptoms of concussion last?
can persist for monthns
142
- Headache
- Irritability
- Insomnia
- Poor concentration
- Memory
- dizziness
- confusion
- nausea
- difficulty hearing and seeing
Symptoms of concussion
143
Symptoms of concussion
- Headache
- Irritability
- Insomnia
- Poor concentration
- Memory
- dizziness
- confusion
- nausea
- difficulty hearing and seeing
144
Patho of concussion
-brain collides with skull
145
What can concussion result in?
- bruising
- torn tissues
- swelling
146
Second Impact Syndrome
When a person who is not fully recovered from a concussion suffers a second blow to the head
147
What can be the result of Second Impact Syndrome?
Death
148
Patho of Second Impact Syndrome
- massive swelling of brain
| - cuts off blood flow to brain
149
When are concussion symptoms presented
- not always right away
| - sometimes delayed
150
What are the types of brain hematomas?
1. Epidural Hematoma
2. Subdural Hematoma
3. Traumatic Intracerebral Hematomas
151
What type of bleed causes a Epidural Hematoma?
Arterial
152
What is usually the cause of a Epidural Hematoma
head injury in which skull is fractured
153
Where does an Epidural Hematoma develop?
between inner table of bones of skull & dura
154
What type of bleed causes a Subdural Hematoma ?
Venous
155
What is usually the cause of a Subdural Hematoma?
- tear in small bridging veins that connect veins
| - surface of cortex to Dural sinuses
156
Where does an Subdural Hematoma develop?
in area between dura & arachnoid
157
What is the arachnoid
subdural space
158
How are Subdural Hematomas categorized?
1. Acute SDH
2. Subacute SDH
3. Chronic SDH
159
Characteristic of Traumatic Intracerebral Hematomas
Can be single or multiple
160
Where does an Traumatic Intracerebral Hematomas
| develop?
- in any lobe of brain
| - most common in frontal or temporal lobes
161
Is a venous or arterial bleed worse?
Arterial is much worse
162
Why is an arterial bleed worse than a venous bleed?
- quick
| - higher pressure
163
In which type of hematoma will we see changes in the GCS quicker?
Epidural Hematoma
164
What does GCS assess?
LOC
165
As a clinician how does GSC effect our work
Effects how we will asses our pt
166
Teacher pearl regarding brain hematomas
- Only so much space in skull
| - If you have an epidural bleed it is going to bleed very quickly and take up a lot of space in the brain
167
Why can Subdural Hematomas be more dangerous than Epidural Hematomas?
- Take longer to show symptoms (venous)
| - Pt can be forgotten
168
Example 1:
- Pt is in an accident
- Has slight headache for awhile
- Headache slowly increases
- Pt decides to go lie down
What could the pt have?
What can happen to the pt?
1. Subdural Hematoma
| 2. Die
169
As a clinician, if you have a pt who is walking and talking after a traumatic head injury what should you do?
good close monitoring is important
