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Advanced Pathology > CV System and Disorders: Week 4: Set 3 > Flashcards

CV System and Disorders: Week 4: Set 3 Flashcards

1
Q

What is done to diagnose HF

A
  1. Coronary angiogram
  2. TSH-thyroid
  3. CBC
  4. Chemistry profile
  5. BMP (basic metabolic profile)
  6. Magnesium
  7. Check BNP (brain neutropenic protein)
  8. EKG
  9. Echocadiogram
  10. Chest Xray
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2
Q

Why is a coronary angio done for diagnosing HF? Who does it?

A
  1. Can’t figure out etiology

2. Cardiologist

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3
Q

Why is TSH levels read for diagnosing HF?

A

hyperthyroid > aFib> HF

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4
Q

Why is CBC read when diagnosing HF?

A

anemia

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5
Q

Why is magnesium read when diagnosing HF?

A

can cause cardiac arrhythmias

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6
Q

Why is BNP read when diagnosing HF?

A

Elevated in HF pts

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7
Q

Why is chest xray read when diagnosing HF?

A
  1. Visualize heart and lungs

2. See if pleural effusion or enlarged heart

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8
Q

what are AHA and ACC(1-4) AND NYHA (A-D)? What do they do?

A
  1. systems to classify HF
  2. so they know who can get heart transplants
  3. Higher is worse (4 and D)
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9
Q

Maintenance of Cardiac Reserve in HF: Compensatory and Adaptive Mechanisms

A
  1. Activation of SNS, RAAS

2. Activation of inflammatory mediators

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10
Q

What does activation of SNS, RAAS as a compensatory/adaptive mechanism for HF do to help?

A
  1. Maintain cardiac output through….
  2. increased retention of salt and water
  3. peripheral arterial vasoconstriction
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11
Q

What does activation of inflammatory mediators as a compensatory/adaptive mechanism for HF do to help?

A

involved in cardiac repair and remodelling

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12
Q

EF in systolic and diastolic HF

A

Systolic-Low EF

Diastolic-EF-60%

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13
Q

Which disorders start with right HF with progression to left HF?

A

COPD and cor pulmonale

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14
Q

Which disorders start with left HF with progression to right HF?

A

CAD

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15
Q

Acute vs chronic HF

A

Acute-occurs very suddenly, medical emergency

Chronic- develops gradually over time

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16
Q
  1. Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea
  2. Pulmonary congestion
  3. Restlessness
    4, Confusion
  4. Orthopnea
  5. Tachypnea
  6. Exertional dyspnea
  7. Fatigue
  8. Cyanosis
A

Left HF S&S

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17
Q
  1. Fatigue
  2. increased peripheral venous pressure
  3. Ascites
  4. Enlarged liver/spleen
  5. Secondary to pulmonary problems
  6. JVD
  7. Anorexia/GI distress
  8. Weight gain
  9. Edema
A

Right HF S&S

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18
Q

Systolic HF vs Diastolic HF

A

Systolic-left ventricle can’t contract completely

Diastolic- left ventricle can’t fill properly

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19
Q

Condition caused by excess fluid in the lungs. This fluid collects in the numerous air sacs in the lungs, making it difficult to breathe.

A

Pulmonary Edema

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20
Q

Types of Circulatory Shock

A 
Hypovolemic Shock
Cardiogenic Shock
Obstructive Shock
Distributive Shock
Septic
Anaphylactic
Neurogenic
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21
Q

Circulatory Shock caused by insufficient circulating volume

A

Hypovolemic Shock

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22
Q

Circulatory Shock caused by a failure of the heart to pump correctly

A

Cardiogenic Shock

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23
Q

Circulatory Shock caused by an obstruction of blood flow outside of the heart (usually venous)

A

Obstructive Shock

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24
Q

Circulatory Shock caused by an abnormal distribution of blood to tissues and organs.

A

Distributive Shock

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25
Distributive Shock is broken into 3 types of shock. what are they?
Septic Anaphylactic Neurogenic
26
How does Septic Shock occur?
1. Systemic infection that cannot be cleared by the immune system 2. Vasodilation and hypotension
27
How does Anaphylactic Shock occur?
1. Reaction to allergen 2. Release of histamine 3. Vasodilation and hypotension
28
How does Neurogenic Shock occur?
1. Damage to the CNS 2. Impairs cardiac function by reducing HR and loosening the blood vessel tone 3. Severe hypotension
29
1. Cardiopulmonary arrest 2. Dysrhythmia 3. Renal failure 4. Multisystem organ failure 5. Ventricular aneurysm 6. Thromboembolic sequelae 7. Stroke 8. Death
Complications of circulatory shock
30
Infants & Children with HF from what?
Heart damage
31
Rare self-limited vasculitis, most often affects kids younger than 5 years old.
Kawasaki Disease
32
Why is it best to be noticed ASAP?
can lead to all kinds of complications
33
Progression of Kawasaki Disease
Starts in small vessels and progresses to larger arteries
34
What virus causes Kawasaki Disease
Seen in children post corona virus
35
Etiology of Kawasaki Disease
Unknown
36
What can Kawasaki Disease cause?
Most common cause of acquired heart disease in children (if not picked up early)
37
Kawasaki Disease Diagnostics
1. No specific diagnostics | 2. Based on symptoms.
38
How soon should Kawasaki Disease be diagnosed to avoid long term damage?
within first 10 days
39
Phases of Kawasaki Disease
Acute Subacute Convalescent
40
How long for all symptoms and signs of inflammation disappear?
usually takes about 8 weeks
41
Most tell tale S&S of Acute phase of Kawasaki Disease
Fever
42
1. bloodshot eyes 2. pink rash on the back, belly, arms, legs, and genital area 3. red, dry, cracked lips 4. "strawberry" tongue 5. sore throat 6. swollen palms of the hands and soles of the feet 7. a purple-red color on hands and soles of the feet 8. swollen lymph glands in the neck
Other S&S of Acute phase of Kawasaki Disease
43
How long does the Acute phase of Kawasaki Disease last?
About 5 days
44
Myocarditis
Myocardium is inflamed w/o evidence of a MI
45
Pericarditis
fluid build up in sac (pericardial sac)
46
Complication of Pericarditis
1. compression of heart (Cardiac Tamponade)
47
Type of fluid in Pericarditis
can be fluid, blood, pus, ect
48
Is Pericarditis emergent?
Depending on the amount of fluid can be emergent
49
Treatment for Pericarditis
Pericardial window
50
How is Pericardial window performed
Open window> put in drain and collection bag to drain into
51
Where is Pericardial window performed?
cath lab
52
When is Pericardial window performed more than once for Pericarditis?
pts with certain cancers
53
Infective-Invasion on heart valves & endocardium by microbial agent
Endocarditis
54
What is usually effected by Endocarditis?
mitral and aortic valve
55
Diagnostics for Endocarditis
1. Blood cultures 2. Temperature 3. EKG 4. Echocardiogram
56
Criteria used to define endocarditis
Duke Criteria
57
What is Duke Criteria used for?
Treatment is based on that
58
Complication of Endocarditis
bulky, friable vegetations & destruction of underlying cardiac tissues
59
Who is at risk for Endocarditis
1. Artificial heart valves 2. certain heart birth defects 3. Pts getting IV meds 4. IV drug user 5. Damage or defects to endocardial surface
60
What do pts at risk for Endocarditis need to do as a preventative measure?
take antibiotics to prevent endocarditis, before dental or surgical procedures
61
Most common organisms that cause Endocarditis?
1. Staphylococci 2. Streptococci 3. Enterococci
62
Treatment of Endocarditis
Long IV treatment course
63
Abnormal murmurs are usually caused by congenital heart disease
Murmurs in children
64
inflammatory disease that can affect connective tissues-heart, joints, skin, or brain caused by Group A (Beta hemolytc) streptococcus
rheumatic fever
65
Who does rheumatic fever effect?
Children
66
Complication of rheumatic fever
1. pyelonephritis and then kidney failure | 2. myocarditis, pericarditis, endocarditis
67
Most effected valves in rheumatic fever
mitral & aortic
68
disease of the heart muscle that makes it harder for your heart to pump blood to the rest of your body
Cardiomyopathy (CMP)
69
What is a complication of CMP
HF
70
Cause of CMP
AFib (or tachy arrhythmias)
71
Who does CMP affect?
Can affect any age but most often older adults
72
Types of CMP
1. Hypertrophic 2. Dilated 3. Restrictive
73
Hypertrophic CMP
1. Diastolic 2. athletes 3. Thick left ven wall
74
Dilated CMP
1. Systolic 2. Common 2. Enlarged all chambers
75
Restrictive CMP
1. Diastolic 2. Laast common 2. Rigid vent walls
76
A circulatory condition in which narrowed blood vessels reduce blood flow to the limbs.
PV Disease
77
Systolic vs Diastolic Dysfunction: what is imparied?
Systolic- contractility | Diastolic- filling/relaxation
78
Systolic vs Diastolic Dysfunction- heart muscle
Systolic- thin weak | Diastolic- stiff/thick
79
Systolic vs Diastolic Dysfunction: heart sounds
Systolic- S3 gallop | Diastolic- S4 gallop
80
Systolic vs Diastolic Dysfunction: EJF
Systolic: low Diastolic: normal

Advanced Pathology (27 decks)

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