Flashcards in CVS Deck (44)
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31
heart rate has
- no effect on cardiac output in normal settings (stroke volume (VENTRICLES) factor in EDV factor in venous return HAS)
- but very low/very high heart rate impedes VR and CO
32
decrease CARDIAC OUTPUT is due to
- decrease HEART RATE
- increase HEART RATE filling problem massive tachycardia, arrhythmia not enough filling
33
dilation of arteries (ARTERIOLAR DILATOR) FLOW
- more forward flow
- into the veins
- INCREASE CO
34
constriction of the arteries (FLOW)
- decrease radius thereby decreasing flow
- less blood going to the venous system
- decrease venous return
- DECREASE CO
35
compensated failure parameters NORMAL VP and CO
- decreasing contractility
- maintaining the performance (preload)
- increase venous pressure
- CO is maintained in acceptable limits
36
decompensated failure parameters NORMAL VP and CO
- heart failure
- CO below >
- volume overload
37
SYSTOLIC DYSFUNCTION
- abnormal reduction in ventricular emptying due to impaired contractility or excessive afterload
- PRESSURE OVERLOAD--increase TPR (hypertension), increase afterload (HTN), obstruction (aortic stenosis)
- heart develops CONCENTRIC HYPERTROPHY
- VOLUME OVERLOAD-- increase EDV (aortic insufficiency, mitral insufficiency/regurgitation) increase back flow of blood to left ventricle
- heart develops ECCENTRIC HYPERTROPHY
38
DIASTOLIC DYSFUNCTION
- decrease in ventricular compliance during FILLING phase
- DECREASING venous return
- tissue stiffness
- impaired ventricular relaxation
- diminished Frank -Starling law mechanism
39
an INCREASE in afterload
- is due to PRESSURE/VOLUME OVERLOAD
40
CARDIOMYOPATHY
- failure of myocardium where the underlying cause originates within the MYOCYTES
41
BASIC TYPES OF CARDIOMYOPATHIES
- DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY
- RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY
- HYPERTOPHIC CARDIOMYOPATHY
42
DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY
- LEFT ventricular dilatation
- modest hypertrophy
- chamber size is INCREASED
- affected LEFT and RIGHT heart
- intact diastolic function
- compensation increased sympathetic stimulation to the myocardium can lead to
- systolic dysfunction despite increase contractility
- mitral and tricuspid failure can lead to complete failure
43
RESTRICTIVE CARDIOMYOPATHY
- decrease ventricular compliance
- DIASTOLIC filling/dysfunction
- decrease ventricular cavity size
- increase filling pressure
- left and right sided congestion
- ventricular hypertrophy (+/-)
- maintain systolic function
- NARROWED chamber size
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