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Semester 2 > CVS Session 1 > Flashcards

CVS Session 1 Flashcards

0
Q

How do hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules move into capillaries?

A

Hydrophobic - direct diffusion through lipid bilayer

Hydrophilic - diffuse through small aqueous pores b/w cells

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1
Q

Why do we need a CVS?

A

Diffusion time is proportional to distance squared

Most cells far away from O2 and nutrient supply

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2
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Area
Diffusion resistance
Concentration gradient

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3
Q

What is the total blood flow at rest?

A

~5 litres per min

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4
Q

Why is a resistance system needed in the CVS?

A

To reduce ease of perfusion to some areas so harder to perfuse areas receive adequate blood flow

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5
Q

Which BV give variable resistance?

A

Arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters

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6
Q

What provides capacitance for flexible blood flow?

A

Easy distension/collapse of vein walls

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7
Q

5 components of CVS and their functions?

A 
Heart = pump
Vessels and blood = distribution
Capillaries = exchange system
Arterioles and pre-capillary sphincters = flow control
Veins = capacitance
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8
Q

Path of outflow blood

A

Large arteries > medium arteries > arterioles > metarterioles > capillaries > post capillary venules > venules > medium veins > large veins

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9
Q

Where is the velocity of blood lowest?

A

Capillaries bed

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10
Q

Describe the course of the pulmonary trunk.

A

Major artery from R. ventricle

Bifurcates into R+L pulmonary arteries

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11
Q

Describe the course of the aorta.

A

Major artery from L. ventricle
Posteriorly oblique arch to descend into thoracic cavity
Branches into brachiocephalic, common carotid and subclavian
Terminates by bifurcating into R+L common iliac arteries

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12
Q

What is the blood pressure in the aorta during systole?

A

~120 mmHg

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13
Q

What is the aortic pressure during diastole?

A

70-80 mmHg

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14
Q

Describe the function of elastic arteries in systole and diastole.

A

Pressure reservoirs:
Store elastic energy in systole
Act as auxiliary pumps in diastole

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15
Q

What are the layers of an artery (lumen outwards)?

A

Tunica intima
Tunica media
Tunica adventitia

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16
Q

What are the 5 types of artery?

A

Elastic conducting
Muscular distributing
Arterioles
End

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17
Q

Describe the layers of an elastic conducting artery.

A

TI: Fenestrated internal elastic lamina and endothelial cells w/long axis parallel to long axis of artery
TM: 40-70 fenestrated elastic membranes w/smooth muscle+collagen
TA: thin fibroelastic layer w/vasa vasorum, lymph vessels and nerves

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18
Q

What produces the elastin, collagen and matrix in elastic conducting arteries?

A

Smooth muscle cells

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19
Q

What is dissecting aorta?

A

When blood pushes b/w lamellae in TM

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20
Q

Describe the layers of a muscular distributing artery.

A

TI: endothelium, subendothelial layer, thick internal elastic lamina
TM: 40 layers of smooth muscle cells connected by gap junctions and prominent external elastic lamina
TA: thin fibroelastic layer w/vasa vasorum, lymph vessels and nerves

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21
Q

Describe propagation in a muscular distributing artery.

A

NA released at nerve endings –> fenestrations in TM depolarise some smooth muscle cells –> propagated by gap junctions

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22
Q

Describe the layers of an arteriole.

A

TI: endothelial cells
TM: 1-3 layers of smooth muscle (thin internal elastic lamina in larger ones only)
TA: scant

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23
Q

Describe the structure of a small arteriole.

A

1 muscle cell completely encircles the endothelial cells

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24
What is not present in an arteriole?
External elastic lamina
25
Describe the structure of a metarteriole.
Smooth muscle cells spaced apart each encircling the endothelium of a capillary arising from an arteriole
26
What is the function of a metarteriole?
Feed many capillaries, controlling blood flow into the capillary bed
27
What are end arterioles?
Terminal artery supplying most or all of the blood to an area w/out significant collateral circulation
28
Give examples of end arteries.
Coronary Splenic Renal
29
What is bridging?
Compression of a segment of coronary artery during systole
30
What is the function of a lymphatic capillary?
Drain and return excess ECF to blood and the internal jugular and subclavian vein junctions
31
What is the function of a precapillary sphincter?
Allow arterioles and metarterioles to serve as flow regulators for the capillary beds. Open: allows plentiful blood flow Closed: blood flow greatly reduced
32
What is a central channel?
Metarteriole + thoroughfare channel = bypass capillary bed
33
Describe the properties of a capillary.
7-10 micrometer diameter <1mm long Single layer of endothelium and BM Allow passage of one cell at once
34
What is the maximum distance of a tissue from a capillary?
30 micrometers
35
What are the three types of capillary?
Continuous Fenestrated Sinusoidal
36
Describe a continuous capillary.
Most common type Cells joined by tight/occludin junctions Pericytes form branching network around endothelium Pericytes can into muscle cells/fibroblasts in angiogenesis, tumour growth and wound healing
37
Describe a fenestrated capillary
4 routes of transport available Interruptions bridged by a thin diaphragm Found in gut, endocrine glands, renal glomerulus
38
What are the four routes of transport through a fenestrated capillary?
Direct diffusion Diffusion through intercellular cleft Diffusion through fenestration Pinocytosis
39
Describe a sinusoidal capillary.
Largest diameter therefore lowest blood flow Gals in walls for whole cells to move b/w blood and tissue Found in liver, spleen and bone marrow
40
Describe a post capillary venule.
Endothelial lining w/associated pericytes 10-30 micrometer diameter Even more permeable than capillaries
41
When is the pressure in a post capillary vein not lower than the pressure in the surrounding tissue fluid?
Inflammatory response when fluid and leukocytes emigrate
42
Where is the preferred location of emigration of leukocytes from the blood?
Post capillary venule
43
At what diameter do merging venules begin to develop a tunica media?
50 micrometers
44
How is a tunica media formed?
Smooth muscle fibres become associated with the endothelium
45
What do valves in venules consist of?
Thin intimal extensions
46
In which direction is the longitudinal axis of the endothelial cells?
Parallel to the direction of blood flow
47
How do you differentiate b/w veins and arteries?
``` Veins have: Larger diameter Thinner wall More CT in wall Fewer elastic and muscle fibres in wall ```
48
Describe the structure of small and medium veins.
TI: thin TM: 2-3 layers of smooth muscle TA: well developed
49
Describe the structure of large veins.
Diameter >10mm TI: thick TM: not prominent TA: well developed
50
Why do superficial veins of the legs have a well-defined muscular wall?
Resist distension caused by gravity (proposed)
51
What is present in large vein Ta and TM not seen in smaller veins?
TA: well developed, longitudinally oriented smooth muscle TM: circularly oriented smooth muscle and vasa vasorum
52
What is a venae comitantes?
A structure enclosed by a sheath consisting of a pair of veins flanking an artery
53
What is the function of a venae comitantes?
Promote venous return in the involved veins
54
How does a venae comitantes function?
The pulsing of the artery promotes venous return w/in the adjacent artery
55
Give three examples of venae comitantes.
Brachial Ulnar Tibial
56
Where do the left and right coronary arteries arise from?
Left and right aortic sinuses within the aorta
57
Where are the aortic sinuses found?
Within the aorta behind the left and right flaps of the aortic valve
58
How does blood enter the coronary arteries?
When the heart is relaxed backflow of blood fills the aortic sinuses allowing entry into the coronary arteries
59
What is the initial branch of the left coronary artery?
Left anterior descending artery (LAD)
60
What is another name for the LAD?
Anterior interventricular artery
61
What does the LCA progress to become after it has branched to form the LAD?
Left marginal and circumflex arteries
62
What does the right coronary artery branch to form anteriorly?
Right marginal artery
63
What does the right marginal artery branch to form posteriorly?
Posterior interventricular artery
64
Where do the cardiac veins drain?
Coronary sinus
65
Where is the coronary sinus located?
Posterior surface in the coronary sulcus
66
Where does the coronary sinus drain?
Into the right atrium
67
Where is the coronary sinus opening located in the right atrium?
B/w the right atrioventricular orifice and the inferior vena cava orifice
68
How many tributaries drain into the coronary sinus?
Five
69
Which is the main tributary of the coronary sinus?
The great cardiac vein
70
Describe the path of the great cardiac vein.
Originates at apex | Follows anterior interventricular groove into sulcus and around left side to join the coronary sinus
71
Describe the path of the small cardiac vein.
Anterior side of heart | Passes around right side of heart to join the coronary sinus
72
Where does the middle cardiac vein drain?
The right side of the heart
73
Where is the middle cardiac vein located?
Posterior surface of the heart
74
Where is the left marginal vein located?
Left posterior side
75
Describe the path of the left posterior ventricular vein.
Located in the centre on the posterior surface | Runs along posterior interventricular sulcus to join the coronary sinus
76
What regions are supplied by the right coronary artery?
Right atrium SAN AVN Posterior part of interventricular septum
77
What are the vein draining regions of the right coronary artery?
Small cardiac vein | Middle cardiac vein
78
Which regions are supplied by the right marginal artery?
Right ventricle | Apex
79
Which are the vein draining regions for the right marginal artery?
Small cardiac vein | Middle cardiac vein
80
Which regions are supplied by the posterior interventricular artery?
Right ventricle Left ventricle Posterior third of interventricular septum
81
What is the draining region of the posterior interventricular artery?
Left posterior ventricular vein
82
Which regions does the left coronary artery supply?
Left atrium Left ventricle Interventricular septum AV bundles
83
What drains the left coronary artery?
Great cardiac vein
84
What regions does the LAD supply?
Right ventricle Left ventricle Anterior 2/3 of in interventricular septum
85
What drains the LAD?
Great cardiac vein
86
What region does the left marginal artery supply?
Left ventricle
87
What drains the left marginal artery?
Left marginal vein | Great cardiac vein
88
Which regions are supplied by the circumflex artery?
Left atrium | Left ventricle
89
What drains the circumflex artery?
Great cardiac vein
90
Describe the path of the right coronary artery.
Right of pulmonary trunk --> coronary sulcus --> branches --> continues to posterior surface in coronary sulcus --> branches again
91
What are the two branches of the right coronary artery?
Right marginal artery | Posterior interventricular artery
92
Describe the path of the left coronary artery.
B/w left side of pulmonary trunk and left auricle --> divides into LAD and circumflex branch
93
Describe the path of the LAD.
Follows the anterior interventricular groove towards the apex where it continues on the posterior surface to anastamose with the posterior interventricular branch
94
Describe the path of the circumflex branch.
Follows coronary sulcus to the left border and onto posterior surface giving rise to left marginal artery
95
Describe the path of the left marginal branch.
Follows left border of the heart

Semester 2 (45 decks)

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