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Semester 2 > MSK Session 1 > Flashcards

MSK Session 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What is the longitudinal section parallel to?

A

Long axis of the body

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1
Q

Describe the anatomical position.

A

Face forwards
Inferior margin of orbit level w/top of external auditory meatus
Hands by sides, palms forwards
Feet and knees together, toes forwards

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2
Q

What is the transverse section perpendicular to?

A

Long axis of body

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3
Q

What is the coronal plane?

A

Slices into front and back portions - think tiara sliding down

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4
Q

What is the sagittal plane?

A

Slices into left and right segments

Parallel to median plane

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5
Q

What is the axial plane?

A

Same as transverse/horizontal plane

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6
Q

What is dorsiflexion?

A

Toes to knees

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7
Q

What is plantarflexion?

A

Toes to floor

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8
Q

What movement is inversion?

A

Outside of foot to floor (soles together)

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9
Q

What movement is eversion?

A

Inside of foot to floor (soles away from each other)

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10
Q

What movements make up circumduction?

A

Flexion –> abduction –> extension –> adduction

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11
Q

What movements make up shrugging shoulders?

A

Elevation and depression

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12
Q

What movements can the jaw make?

A

Retrusion

Protrusion

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13
Q

What movements can the scapula make?

A

Protraction - arms anterior

Retraction - arms inferior

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14
Q

What does the head of the ulna articulate with?

A

Notch of radius and styloid process of ulna

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15
Q

What is the only bone connecting the upper limb to the trunk?

A

Clavicle

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16
Q

Why do patients who have broken their clavicle support the affected arm with their other arm?

A

Trapezius can’t hold the lateral end of the clavicle due to the weight of the UL so the shoulder drops

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17
Q

Why might the clavicle appear shorter after fracture?

A

Adductor muscles of arm pull lateral fragment medially

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18
Q

What type of clavicle fracture is often seen in children?

A

Greenstick

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19
Q

Why is there little treatment for scapula fractures?

A

Covered by muscle

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20
Q

What is an impacted humeral fracture?

A

One fragment moves into the spongy bone of another fragment

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21
Q

What happens in avulsion fracture of the greater tubercle of the humerus?

A

Small part is torn away and muscles pull the UL into medial rotation

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22
Q

What happens to the proximal fragment in transverse fracture of the humerus?

A

Deltoid muscles pull it laterally

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23
Q

What causes a spiral fracture of the humeral shaft?

A

FOOSH

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24
What causes an intercondylar fracture of the humerus?
Sever fall on flexed elbow causes the olecranon of ulna to wedge b/w medial and lateral parts of humerus condyle separating one or both of them
25
How are radius and ulna fractures usually seen?
Transverse at same level
26
In which third of the radius and ulna are fractures most commonly seen?
Middle
27
Why does fracture of one bone in the forearm usually result in dislocation of the nearest joint?
Interosseous membrane transmits force
28
What kind of deformity is caused by Colles fracture?
Dinner fork - ulna styloid projects more due to shortened radius
29
What injury can disrupt bone growth?
Epiphyseal plate fractures
30
What movements especially cause pain in scaphoid fracture?
Dorsiflexion | Abduction
31
What complication can arise due to scaphoid fracture?
Degenerative joint disease due to poor blood supply proximally
32
Why does hamate fracture cause decreased grip?
It is close to ulnar nerve so is likely to cause damage
33
What is a complication associated with hamate fracture?
Non-union due to too much traction
34
What do crushing injuries cause?
Metacarpal and phalanges fractures
35
What is boxer's fracture?
Fracture of the 5th metacarpal bone
36
What innervates the pectoralis major?
Lateral and medial pectoral nerves
37
What are the main actions of the pectoralis major?
Adduct and medially rotate humerus Move scapula anteriorly and inferiorly Flexion and subsequent extension of humerus
38
What innervates the pectoralis minor?
Medial pectoral nerve
39
What is the main action of the pectoralis minor?
Stabilises scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly against the thoracic wall
40
What innervates the sub-clavius muscle?
Nerve to subclavius
41
What is the main action of the sub-clavius muscle?
Anchors and depresses clavicle
42
What innervates the serratus anterior?
Long thoracic nerve
43
What is the main action of the serratus anterior?
Protracts and rotates scapula holding it against the thoracic wall
44
How many bones are there in the skeleton?
206
45
How many of each type of bone are there?
``` 8 cranial 6 auditory ossicles 14 facial 26 vertebral 26 thoracic cage 64 UL 62 LL ```
46
How many bones are there in the axial skeleton?
80
47
How does the function of the axial skeleton compare to that of the appendicular skeleton?
Axial is for protection and support | Appendicular is for mobility
48
What is the function of the skeleton?
``` Mineral storage Lipid storage Support Protect Shape Movement Haemopoiesis ```
49
Where is lipid stored in bone?
Yellow marrow
50
Where are minerals stored in the nine?
Bone matrix
51
What types of bone are there?
``` Long Short Flat Irregular Sesamoid ```
52
Give a named example of a long bone.
Femur
53
Give a named example of a short cuboidal bone.
Calcenus
54
Give a named example of a flat bone.
Parietal
55
What type of bone are pneumatic, sinuses and mastoids?
Irregular
56
What type of bone is the patella?
Sesamoid
57
What is a tuberosity?
Roughened, rounded elevation
58
What is a tubercle?
Small elevation
59
What is a slender projection of a bone called?
Spine/spinous process
60
What is a fissure in a bone?
Cleft/narrow slit
61
What is the trochanter?
Large projection of femur
62
What is a foramen?
Hole/opening
63
What name is given to a tunnel/canal in bone anatomy?
Meatus
64
What is a condyle?
Large prominence/rounded surface
65
What is a depression in a bone called?
Fossa
66
What is an epicondyle?
Smaller prominence above a condyle
67
What is a sinus in bone anatomy?
Hollow space
68
What is the name given to a large groove in bone anatomy?
Notch
69
What is the name given to a ridge in bone anatomy?
Crest
70
What is a facet in bone anatomy?
Flattened surface for joint/muscle attachment
71
What are synarthrosis?
Fixed/immovable joints w/fibrous connective tissue
72
Give three examples of synarthrosis.
Sutures Gomphosis Syndesmosis
73
What is a syndemosis?
Interosseous membrane
74
What are amphiathrosis?
Continuous, slightly movable cartilaginous joints
75
What is a synchondrosis?
Primary cartilaginous joint with hyaline cartilage connecting medium (growth plate)
76
What is the main example of a synchondrosis?
First rib and sternum
77
What is a symphysis?
Secondary cartilaginous joint with fibrocartilaginous fusion
78
Give an example of a symphysis.
Pubic symphysis
79
What is a diathrosis?
Freely movable synovial joint consisting of an articular capsule (synovium), synovial fluid and articular cartilage
80
What accessory structures can synovial joints have?
Menisci | Extrinsic/intrinsic ligaments
81
What are the 6 types of synovial joint?
``` Condyloid Pivot Plane Hinge Saddle Ball and socket ```
82
What movements does a condyloid synovial joint facilitate?
Circumduction Adduction and abduction Flexion and extension
83
Give an example of a condyloid synovial joint.
Metacarpopharyngeal
84
What is a pivot synovial joint?
Round bony process into a bony ligamentous socket that permits rotation
85
Give two examples of pivot joints.
Atlanto-axial | Proximal radio-ulnar
86
What movement does a plane synovial joint permit?
Gliding/sliding
87
Give two examples of plane joints.
Intertarsal | Acromioclavicular
88
What is a hinge synovial joint?
A joint permitting flexion and extension only such as the elbow
89
What joint surfaces are present in a sadly synovial joint?
Concave and convex
90
Give an example of a saddle joint.
First metacarpopharyngeal joint (thumb)
91
What is a ball and socket synovial joint?
Rounded head into a concavity that allows movement in several axes
92
What allows a compromise between stability and flexibility in a ball and socket joint?
How deeply set the joint is Ligaments Muscle tone

Semester 2 (45 decks)

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