MSK Session 2 Flashcards
(117 cards)
What type of muscle is the diaphragm?
Skeletal
What two types of muscle are there?
Striated
Non-striated
Give an example of each type of skeletal muscle arrangement.
Circular: orbicularis oris Convergent: pec. major Parallel: sartorius Unipennate: extensor digitorum longus Multipennate: deltoid Fusiform: biceps brachii Bipennate: rectus femoris
How are skeletal muscles attached to bones?
By tendons
What does skeletal muscle continually contract?
To maintain posture
What is the mechanical efficiency of skeletal muscle?
~20%, rest dissipated as heat
What is the gross anatomy of skeletal muscle?
Epimysium –> perimysium –> endomysium
Muscle –> fascicle –> muscle fibre
What is fasciculation?
Low level muscle twitch often seen in the face when tired/nervous or more severely in motor neurone disease
What is a first class lever?
Where the force and load are on opposite sides of the fulcrum like a see-saw e.g. neck
What is a second class lever?
Where the force and load are to the left of the fulcrum like a wheelbarrow e.g. in the foot where the ball is the fulcrum
What is a third class lever?
Most common type of lever where the force and load are to the right of the fulcrum, like a fishing rod
What can be said about the length along which force acts in a third class lever?
Large
What are agonists?
Prime movers
What are antagonists?
Oppose prime movers
What act together to allow fine, smooth movement?
Agonists and antagonists
What are synergists?
Muscles that assist prime movers by neutralising extra motion to keep motion in one direction
What are fixators?
Muscles that stabilise the action of prime movers by fixing non-moving joints when prime mover is acting over two joints
What are compartments?
Groups of muscles surrounded by connective tissue
What is compartment syndrome?
When pressure builds up inside a compartment due to the inability of the surrounding CT to undergo rapid expansion and causes nerve compression
What can cause compartment syndrome?
Bleeding
What effect can long-term training have on the connective tissue surrounding a compartment?
Expansion
What is isotonic muscle contraction?
Constant tension with variable muscle length that changes to move a load
What happens in concentric isotonic muscle contraction?
Muscle shortens
What happens in eccentric isotonic muscle contraction?
Muscle exerts force whilst extended e.g. walking downhill