Depression

Question 1

Any disorder characterised by mood disturbances is called a

Answer 1

Mood disorder

Question 2

4 subtypes of Depression

Answer 2

Reactive
Endogenous
Unipolar
Bipolar

Question 3

What is anhedonia?

Answer 3

Inability to experience pleasure

Question 4

What is reactive depression?

Answer 4

Triggered by an event

Question 5

What is endogenous depression?

Answer 5

No apparent negative event

Question 6

What is bipolar?

Answer 6

Depression with periods of mania (1% incidence)

Question 7

Brown 1993

What % of depressed patients had experienced stress in the past year?

Answer 7

84%

Question 8

Brown 1993

What % of control patients experienced stress in past year?

Answer 8

32%

Question 9

Diathesis stress model

No risk factor genes + stress = ?

Answer 9

No depression

Question 10

Diathesis stress model

Risk factor gene + no stress =

Answer 10

No depression

Question 11

How were anti-depressants discovered?

Answer 11

Luck

Question 12

4 classes of antidepressants?

Answer 12

1. MAO
2. Tricyclic
3. SSRIs
4. Mood stabilisers

Question 13

MAO’s are…

Answer 13

Mono-amine oxidase inhibitors

Question 14

Mono-amine oxidase inhibitors are…

Answer 14

Mono-amine agonists

Question 15

Mono-amine agonists

Answer 15

Increase the levels of monoamines

Question 16

How do Mono-amine oxidase inhibitors increase the levels of monoamines?

Answer 16

Inhibit MAO (enzyme that breaks down monoamine NTs)

Question 17

Two examples of monoamines

Answer 17

Norepinephrine

Serotonin

Question 18

Famous side effect of monoamines?

Answer 18

Cheese effect

Question 19

Cheese effect

Foods containing Tyramine are broken down by MAO. When it is inhibited

Answer 19

Surge in blood pressure (risk of stroke)

Question 20

Which drug inhibits MAO production?

Answer 20

Mono amines

Question 21

Trycylic antidepressants block…

Answer 21

Reuptake of serotonin and norepinephrine

Question 22

Trycyclic antidepressants/MAO inhibitors

Which is safer?

Answer 22

Tricyclic

Question 23

SSRI’s are

Answer 23

Serotonin agonists

Question 24

SSRI’s are serotonin agonists, which means

Answer 24

They block reuptake of serotonin from the synapse

Question 25

Somatic symptoms, e.g.

Answer 25

Insomnia/hypersomnia

Question 26

What is the depression concordance rate for MZ twins?

Answer 26

60%

Question 27

What is the concordance rate for DZ twins?

Answer 27

15%

Question 28

Success of SSRI's spawned introduction of

Answer 28

SNRI's

Question 29

Mood stabilisers, e.g.

Answer 29

Lithium

Question 30

Lithium counteracts both ______ and ______

Answer 30

Depression | Mania

Question 31

First drug to act as a mood stabiliser?

Answer 31

Lithium

Question 32

A major drawback of antidepressants is that they can trigger bouts of

Answer 32

Mania

Question 33

Antidepressants have a ____ efficacy rate

Answer 33

50%

Question 34

Anti-depressants tend to only work in the

Answer 34

Severely depressed

Question 35

The effectiveness of antidepressants drugs operates as a

Answer 35

Function of the severity of the disorder

Question 36

Brain pathology (2)

Answer 36

Reduction in overall brain size | Reduction in size of several structures

Question 37

3 structures that have been found to be abnormal in many structural and fMRI studies...

Answer 37

Amygdala Medial prefrontal cortex Hippocampus

Question 38

Theories of depression - main one

Answer 38

Depression is associated with under activity at serotonergic/noradrenergic synapses Deficit of monoamine transmission

Question 39

The theory that depression = monoamine transmission deficit is based on the fact

Answer 39

Anti-depressants work, and they act on monoamines

Question 40

theory that depression = monoamine transmission deficit Support for this comes from

Answer 40

Autopsy studies - S and NP receptors more numerous in brains of clinically decreased dead Ppl

Question 41

When an insufficient amount of a NT is released at a synapse, there are usually compensatory...

Answer 41

Increases in the number of receptors for that NT