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Drug addiction Flashcards

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1
Q

How do drugs enter bloodstream via oral ingestion?

A

Dissolved in stomach fluids –> intestine –> absorption into bloodstream

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2
Q

Benefit of oral ingestion?

A

Easy/relatively safe

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3
Q

Downside of oral ingestion?

A

Absorption via digestive tract is unpredictable

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4
Q

Which type of injection is directly into veins?

A

IV (intravenous)

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5
Q

Which type of injection is into muscle?

A

IM

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6
Q

Which type of injection is into skin?

A

SC

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7
Q

Why do most addicts prefer IV?

A

Delivers drug directly to brain

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8
Q

Two downsides of IV?

A
  • Can’t counteract overdose/reaction

- Scar tissue/infections

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9
Q

An example of a drug taken via inhalation?

A

Tobacco

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10
Q

How do inhaled drugs work?

A

Absorbed through capillaries in the lungs

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11
Q

Two downsides of inhalation?

A
  • Difficult to regulate

- Lung damage

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12
Q

Example of a drug that can be taken via mucous membranes?

A

Cocaine

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13
Q

Some drugs act (1) while others act (2)

A
  1. Diffusely on membranes

2. Specifically (receptors/influence NTs)

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14
Q

Drugs are mostly synthesised by

A

Liver

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15
Q

Synthesis/breakdown of drugs by the liver is known as

A

Drug metabolism

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16
Q

Once a drug has been metabolised, it can no longer pass

A

The blood brain barrier

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17
Q

“Makes it difficult for dangerous chemicals to pass from CNS onto neurons”

A

Blood brain barrier

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18
Q

Drug tolerance represents a SHIFT in the ….

A

Dose-response curve

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19
Q

Why can cross-tolerance occur?

A

Because the drugs are acting on the same mechanism

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20
Q

What is cross-tolerance?

A

Where one drug produces tolerance to others

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21
Q

Tolerance develops to some effects but….

A

Not others

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22
Q

2 changes underlying tolerance?

A

Metabolic

Functional

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23
Q

Metabolic change regarding drug tolerance?

A

Reduction in amount of drug getting to site

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24
Q

Functional change regarding drug tolerance?

A

Reduction in reactivity of site of action

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25
Sudden elimination of a drug can result in -->
Withdrawal syndrome
26
People who suffer withdrawal reactions are said to be
Physically dependent
27
What kind of neural changes happen with drug exposure?
Adaptive
28
Drug exposure --> adaptive neural changes that
Counteract the drug
29
In terms of neural response, how does elimination of the drug produce withdrawal?
Neural adaptations produce withdrawal effects
30
Not all _____ users are addicts
Habitual
31
Two categories of drug tolerance are?
Metabolic | Functional
32
What is the most common type of drug tolerance?
Functional
33
Functional tolerance involves reduction in the amount of ________
Receptors
34
The effects of withdrawal are usually opposite...
To the initial effects
35
Withdrawal effects are usually opposite to initial effects, suggesting it may be
Produced by the same neural changes as tolerance
36
Conditioned drug tolerance focuses on....
Situation in which drugs ar taken
37
Contingent drug tolerance is the demonstration that
Tolerance only develops to effects ACTUALLY experienced
38
What percentage of people who smoke become addicted?
70%
39
What is smokers syndrome?
Chest pain, laboured breathing, susceptible to lethal lung disorders
40
What is Buerger's disease?
Blood vessels of legs become constricted
41
How are alcohol molecules absorbed?
Soluble in fat/water
42
What are alcohols effects on affect?
Low doses - stimulant | High doses - depressant (neural firing)
43
Alcohol dilates _______
Blood vessels in skin
44
What is the addiction potential for marijuana?
Low
45
3 therapeutic effects of THC?
1. Suppresses nausea 2. Blocks seizures 3. Decreases pain/anxiety
46
Two receptors for THC
CB1 and CB2
47
CB1 and CB2 are
Receptors that cannabis binds to
48
What is a cocaine spree?
Lots of cocaine for a few days then stop
49
Effects of a cocaine spree may involve (2)
Tolerance | Psychotic behaviour
50
Cocaine functions by blocking reuptake of...
Catecholamine
51
Cocaine functions by blocking reuptake of Catecholamine. Therefore, it is a
Catecholamine agonist
52
MDMA/Ecstasy has toxic effects on
Serotonergic and Dopaminergic neurons
53
MDMA can lead to (2)
1. S/D deficiencies in function | 2. Abnormal brain scans in tests of brain functions
54
Example of an opiate?
Heroin
55
How do opiates work?
Bind to receptors that normally bind to endogenous opiates
56
Biggest effect of heroin?
Heroin rush (intense pleasure)
57
How long does heroin withdrawal last?
Around 7 days
58
2 treatments for heroin?
Methadone Buprenorphine
59
Buprenorphine is a tretament for heroin. It blocks
Effects on brains of other opiates (by binding to receptors)
60
Nicotine addiction has a major _____ component
Genetic
61
Nicotine is a _____, an agent which can disturb foetal development
Teratogen
62
Why is alcohol classed as a depressant?
Because it depresses neural firing at med/high doses
63
Both nicotine and alcohol addiction have a major _____ component
Genetic
64
Heritability estimates for alcohol and nicotine addiction are around
50%
65
Is most alcohol tolerance functional or metabolic?
Functional
66
High doses of marijuana can impair
Psychological functioning (STM, goal-directed behaviour)
67
The ill effects from opiates are often ... rather than
Indirect | Direct
68
The direct health hazards of opiates are surprisingly
Relatively minor
69
High doses of heroin kill by
Suppressing breathing
70
EARLY explanations of drug addiction attributed it to
Physical dependence
71
Why does a detox approach to drug addiction not work? (2)
1. Some drugs have no physical withdrawals | 2. Binge-detox patterns exist anyway
72
Positive incentive theories of addiction believe
Addicts take drugs for their positive affects (positive-incentive craving)
73
Most researchers NOW assume that the most important factor in drug addiction is its
Hedonic effects
74
Brain sites capable of mediating inter cranial self-stimulation are known as?
Pleasure centres
75
Intracranial self-stimulation is the phenomenon whereby
Rats/other species will administer brief electrical stimulation to their brains
76
ICSS Olds and Miller argued that the brain sites mediating self-stimulation are the same as...
The sites mediating pleasurable effects of natural rewards (food/sex)
77
Which system in the brain plays an important role in intracranial self stimulation?
MDS (mesotelencephalic dopamine system)
78
ICSS The MDS is a system of dopamine neurons that project
From the mesencephalon into the telencephalon
79
Following research into ISS, experiments began to implicate dopamine in the...
Rewarding effects of natural reinforcers/drugs
80
What is a drug self-administration paradigm?
Press a lever to inject drugs into self
81
Conditioned place-preference paradigms measure the _______ of drugs
Incentive value
82
What is the conditioned place paradigm
2 compartments (repeatedly receive drug in 1) Drug-free rat place inside box Time spent in compartment measured
83
How does the conditioned place preference show dopamine plays an important role?
DA antagonists blocked conditioned preference
84
Findings from paradigms suggests that dopamine signals something akin to
Reward value/pleasure

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