RMs

Question 1

Why is X-Ray not a good technique for seeing the brain?

Answer 1

Brain doesn’t have much variability in texture

Question 2

Contrast X ray is usually used to see contrast between

Answer 2

Intravascular (blood vessels) and extravascular parts

Question 3

Contrast X-Ray

Injected substances known as

Answer 3

Contrast agent

Question 4

MRI uses magnetism to ‘see’ the position of

Answer 4

Hydrogen atoms in water molecules

Question 5

MRI is sensitive to differing tissue types, e.g. (2)

Answer 5

Grey matter

White matter

Question 6

Benefit of MRI?

Answer 6

High spatial resolution

Question 7

fMRI tunes the scanner to be sensitive to…

Answer 7

Oxygen levels in blood

Question 8

fMRI

Activated brain cells use ________, so fMRI tells us about brain activity

Answer 8

More oxygenated blood

Question 9

PET is excellent for

Answer 9

Information on specific biological processes

Question 10

PET is poor for (2)

Answer 10

Spatial + temporal resolution

Question 11

3 limitations of PET

Answer 11

Poor spatial/temporal resolution

Uses radiation

Question 12

EEG tells us about _____ brain activity

Answer 12

Regional

Question 13

A way of counteracting ‘system noise’ in EEG?

Answer 13

Signal averaging

Question 14

Two limitations of EEG?

Answer 14

System noise

Analysis long/complex

Question 15

EEG

Different wave types represent…

Answer 15

different processes

Question 16

Which method can simulate brain lesions?

Answer 16

TMS

Question 17

How does TMS ‘switch off’ brain regions?

Answer 17

Induces a current

Question 18

TDCS

A mild current _____ or ____ neurons

Answer 18

Excites

Inhibits

Question 19

3 ways of measuring cardiovascular activity?

Answer 19

Heart rate

BP/volume

Question 20

TMS

What does the electrical current do that ‘switches off’ regions?

Answer 20

Disrupts ongoing activity

Question 21

3 guiding principles for research involving animals….

Answer 21

Three R’s
Replacement
Refinement
Reduction

Question 22

“Replacement” “Refinement” “Reduction”

These are the 3 principles guiding

Answer 22

Research involving animals (UK)

Question 23

Animals most often used in research?

Answer 23

Mice

Question 24

4 things we can do with animal models that we can’t do in humans

Answer 24

1. Direct measurement of activity
2. Determine connectivity
3. Disrupt connectivity
4. Lesion

Question 25

Although EEG measures electrical activity of neurons, the _______ is poor

Answer 25

Spatial resolution

Question 26

Method of recoding cellular brain activity Targets single cells

Answer 26

Intracellular

Question 27

Method of recoding cellular brain activity Target large number of cells

Answer 27

Extracellular

Question 28

If the tip of the electrode is inside the cell, it is deemed _________

Answer 28

Intracellular

Question 29

How can we measure connectivity between structures in animals?

Answer 29

Stimulating electrode - location A | Recording electrode - location B

Question 30

Anterograde tracers...

Answer 30

Maps out connection from region A to B/C

Question 31

Two types of tracers

Answer 31

Anterograde | Retrograde

Question 32

'Cutting' connections between brain structures gives us...

Answer 32

An understanding of causation

Question 33

"The cortical tissue is drawn off by suction through a pipette" What lesion method is this?

Answer 33

Aspiration

Question 34

"Used when a lesion is to be made in an area accessible to the eyes/instruments of a surgeon"

Answer 34

Aspiration

Question 35

"Small-subcortical lesions are commonly made by passing radio-frequency current through the target tissue" Which lesion is this?

Answer 35

Radio-frequency lesions

Question 36

"Sectioning (cutting) is used to eliminate conduction in a nerve or tract" What lesion is this?

Answer 36

Knife cut

Question 37

The ______ is used to locate brain structures

Answer 37

Stereotaxic atlas

Question 38

What is the method used to position a device within the depths of the brain?

Answer 38

Stereotaxic surgery

Question 39

"Temporarily eliminating activity in a particular area of the brain" Which lesion is this?

Answer 39

Reversible

Question 40

"The field that investigates the effect of drugs on thought/behaviour"

Answer 40

Psychopharmacology

Question 41

Some drugs will mimic ______ Some will block _______ Some will prevent _______ Some will block _______

Answer 41

The neurotransmitter to act on the receptor Receptor Manufacture of NT Re-uptake

Question 42

Pharmacological manipulations can be combined with other methods, e.g.

Answer 42

phMRI

Question 43

The APP knock-in mouse

Answer 43

Has a gene that causes overproduction of amyloid

Question 44

Optogenetics is where we can make brain cells....

Answer 44

Sensitive to light

Question 45

Optogenetics is where we can make brain cells sensitive to light. As a result

Answer 45

We can switch them on or off in precise ways