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Genes Flashcards

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1
Q

If a recessive gene is on an autosomal chromosome, its effects will be found more often in males.

True or false

A

False

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2
Q

If a recessive gene is on an autosomal chromosome, its effects will be found more…

A

Equally in males and females

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3
Q

If a recessive gene is on an X chromosome, its effects will be found…

A

More often in males

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4
Q

Who conducted the Pea seed true-breeding study?

A

Mendel

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5
Q

Dichotomous traits

A

Occur in one form or the other

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6
Q

This trait occurs in one form or the other (blue eyes or brown eyes)

A

Dichotomous

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7
Q

True-breeding lines

A

Members always produce offspring with the same trait

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8
Q

“Members always produce offspring with the same trait “ What is this?

A

True-breeding line

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9
Q

Some traits are ________, whilst others are ________

A

Dominant

Recessive

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10
Q

Some traits can be dominant, appearing in ____ first-generation offspring

A

All

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11
Q

An organisms OBSERVABLE TRAITS are referred to as its

A

Phenotype

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12
Q

Phenotype

A

An organisms observable traits

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13
Q

The non-observable traits that can be passed through genetic material

A

Genotype

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14
Q

The two genes that control the same trait

A

Alleles

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15
Q

Organisms possessing two identical genes (GG/YY)

A

Homozygous

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16
Q

Organisms possessing one of each gene (GY or YG)

A

Heterozygous

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17
Q

Y is recessive to G

True or false

A

True

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18
Q

Genes are located on…

A

Chromosomes

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19
Q

Where are genes located

A

Chromosomes

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20
Q

All cell division in the body occurs by

A

Mitosis

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21
Q

Mitosis

A

Cell devision

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22
Q

Meiosis

A

Cell division but for gametes

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23
Q

Each chromosome is a double stranded molecule of DNA, which is a sequence of…

A

Nucleotide bases

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24
Q

Errors in replication of DNA?

A

Mutations

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25
Mutations are
Errors in DNA replication
26
Autosomal chromosomes are
The typical, non-sex chromosome
27
Which chromosomes do females have
XX
28
Traits influenced by genes on sex chromosomes are referred to as
Sex-linked traits
29
Dominant traits controlled by genes on X occur more frequently in...
Females
30
Recessive traits controlled by genes on X occur more frequently in
Males
31
Why are males more likely to get a recessive X-trait gene?
Bc they only have one X chromosome - females would have to have the recessive on both their Xs
32
What does DNA do (R)
Replicate
33
DNA that lacks structural genes contain portions called...
Enhancers
34
Enhancers are stretches of DNA whose function is to determine...
Whether particular genes synthesise proteins/at what rate
35
Enhancers control gene...
Expression
36
The control of gene expression by enhancers is important because...
Determines how a cell will develop/its function
37
Proteins that bind to DNA and influence the extent to which genes are expressed are called...
Transcription factors
38
RNA is
Complimentary copy of one strand of DNA molecule
39
Expression of a structural gene Unravelled section of one DNA is a ________ for the transcription of a short strand of RNA
Template
40
Expression of a structural gene Strand of transcribed RNA is called
Messenger RNA
41
Expression of a structural gene Strand of transcribed RNA is called messenger RNA because...
Carries the genetic code
42
Expression of a structural gene Messenger RNA attaches itself to one of the
Ribosome
43
Expression of a structural gene Ribosome moves along the strand of...
Messenger RNA
44
Expression of a structural gene The codon (base) along an RNA strand instructs the ribosome to...
Add amino acids as it is growing
45
Expression of a structural gene Molecules of amino acid are carried to the ribosome my molecules of...(tr)
Transfer RNA
46
Expression of a structural gene The process of growing the protein chain continues until...
Ribosome tells it to stop
47
Mitochondria
energy-generating structures in cytoplasm
48
Mitochondria contain DNA True or false?
True
49
Mutations develop rapidly in ______ DNA....
Mitochondrial
50
New discoveries of Epigenetics (2) that may control gene expression
(1) DNA methylation (reduces expression of adjacent genes) | (2) Histone remodelling
51
Tryon (1934) discovered that some traits can be selectively bred. True or false?
True
52
Tryon (1934) conducted the study of the maze...
Maze-bright or maze-dull rats
53
Phenylketonuria (PKU) is a... Neurological disorder Metabolic disorder Cardiovascular disorder
Metabolic
54
PKU can lead to b...
Brain damage
55
The PKU gene is _______
Recessive
56
The PKU gene is recessive, so only develops in...
Homozygous individuals | Receive copy from both M & F
57
Consequence of PKU is...
Abnormal brain development
58
Consequences of PKU can be reduced if a diet is given to children in the...
Sensitive period (first few weeks of life)
59
How do geneticists assess relative contributions of genes and experience?
Study individuals of genetic similarity
60
Example of individuals with genetic similarity..
MZ & DZ twins
61
MZ twins are not identical True or false
False
62
MZ twins are identical True or false
True
63
Studies of MZ and DZ twins who have been ____________ are particularly informative of the gene/environment interaction
Separated at birth
64
Minnesota study of twins reared apart found that....
MZ twins similar on all psychological dimensions
65
A strand of DNA serves as a template for the synthesis of
RNA
66
Biological catalysts that regulate chemical reactions in the body are called
Enzymes
67
Interruption of the production of RNA would directly affect what?
Protein synthesis
68
Chemically, what is the route from genes to their expression?
DNA to RNA to proteins
69
“A complimentary copy of one strand of a DNA molecule”
RNA
70
A person with two recessive genes is considered to be _____ for that trait
Homozygous
71
Recessive genes manifest their effects only when the individual is ____ for them
Homozygous
72
Suppose “A” is the dominant gene and “a” is the recessive gene. One parent has genes Aa and the other has a. What genes will the children probably have?
Half Aa half aa
73
In one family, all three children are homozygous for a recessive gene.what can be concluded about the parents?
Each parent is either homozygous for the recessive gene or heterozygous
74
What are the chances of having a child with at least one dominant gene is both parents are heterozygous?
75%
75
“The genetic inability to metabolise the amino acid phenylalanine”
PKU
76
What is an example of a genetically controlled condition that can be minimised by a particular diet?
PKU
77
Changes in a single gene is called
Mutation
78
Most mutations produce _____ genes
Recessive
79
Sex linked traits are controlled by which chromosome?
X
80
Gametes are produced by
Meoisis
81
What decides the rate at which a protein will be synthesised by a gene?
Enhancer
82
During protein synthesis, each amino acid is carried to the ribosome by
Transfer RNA
83
Mitochondrial genes are inherited from
Mother
84
If an individual has a recessive phenotype for a particular trait, this tells us
Each parent has 1 recessive gene for that trait
85
If an individual inherits a recessive trait, will the parents display this trait?
Not necessarily

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