Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Block 5; Week 4 > Development-vonBartheld > Flashcards

Development-vonBartheld Flashcards

(93 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is the sequence of neural development?

A 
neural induction-->
neural tube formation-->
generation of neurons & glia-->
axon growth from neurons-->
synapses made with targets-->
dendrite growth-->
myelination
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How do you get the 3 germ layers developmentally?

A

epiblast cells invaginate thru the primitive streak.

Then you get ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe the basic sequence of neurlation (neural tube formation).

A

ectoderm thickens in the middle & forms a neural plate
then you get a neural groove
the dorsal edges align & fuse–>get a neural tube!
Note: the neural tube first forms in the central part (from bird’s eye view) & then zips caudally & rostrally.
Somites form on either side.
By day 23, caudal & cranial neuropores have formed.
By day 26, neurelation is complete.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What induces the ectoderm to become a neural plate?

A

this induction happens via the notochord underneath the ectoderm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is the equivalent of the notochord in amphibians? This was used in experiments to figure out the role of the notochord in neural plate induction.

A

the equivalent is the organizer in the dorsal region of the amphibians.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does an organizer usu do in an amphibian?

A

generates axial mesoderm during normal development.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who dated Hans Spemann?

A

von Bartheld’s grandfather’s sister. : )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the default fate of the ectoderm? What stops this?

A

Default: become neuronal

BMP4 inhibits this.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

T/F In addition to BMP4, there are a large number of molecules that regulate different parts of the neural tube.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

T/F Different transcription factors code for different parts of the neural tubes.

A

True.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are neurons generated developmentally?

A

they are generated in the ventricular zone

the ventricular zone is made of the neuroepithelial layer that borders the neural tube.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

When does neural tube closure happen? What is the clinical significance of this?

A

early 4th week
so a woman could be 22 days pregnant w/o even knowing it…then she could have the problem of teratogens affecting the neural formation of her baby.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A

this happens when the vertebral arches of the bone don’t form properly.
happens in up to 5% of the population

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a meningocele?

A

this happens with prolapse of the subarachnoid space
this can happen at the spinal or cranial level
even tho the neural tube is still intact, you need surgery.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a meningomyocele?

A

this is where the spinal cord is prolapsed into outer space, white matter may be protruding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is rachischisis (no fold & fold)?

A

this is where you have no neural tube

the neural tissue that is overlying can be folded or not

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a clinical sign of spina bifida occulta?

A

tufts of hair on lower back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are 2 tragic neural tube defects that are not compatible with life?

A

cranial meningomyelocele

anencephaly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

T/F Pts with anencephaly don’t have any brain structures.

A

False. They don’t have a telencephalon. They do have a brainstem, and thus can be born & live for several days.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the most common human malformation?

A

neural tube defects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the incidence of NTDs?

A

1-8/1000 live births

**incidence has been more recently reduced b/c of abortions after detection of NTD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the etiology of NTD?

A

failure of the neural tube to close

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is the cause of NTD?

A

multifactorial

could be chromosomal, diabetes, teratogens, hyperthermia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What types of meds should you NOT take if you are pregnant (capable of causing NTDs)?

A 
epilepsy meds
acne meds (Vit A high)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are some things that can help in detection of NTDs?
ultrasound (detects anencephaly especially) | alpha fetoprotein
26
What is something that helps in prevents of NTDs?
folic acid! -this has a 72% reduction power in incidence of NTDs now we have fortified flour w/ folic acid in it etc. -prevents 30 - 50% of NTDs
27
What is a problem with fortifying our food supply with folic acid?
main issue is that if a pt has Vit B12 deficiency, the folate they are taking will mask the symptoms (hematologic disease) & will worsen the neurological symptoms
28
What are 3 classes of teratogens affecting neuronal development?
infectious agents physical agents/temp drugs
29
What are some of the infectious agent teratogens? What are their effects?
rubella-eye & ear defects cytomegalovirus-eye defect, microcephaly toxoplasmosis-hydrocephalus
30
Where do you find taxoplasmosis?
you find it in cat litter | it is a parasite
31
What are some physical agents that are teratogens? What are their effects?
X-rays--spina bifida occulta | hyperthermia--NTD
32
What are some drugs that are teratogens? What are their effects?
Epilepsy meds-NTD Vit A overdose/acne meds-NTD folic acid antagonists-NTD alcohol-MR
33
There is a risk of which malformation of the fetus during weeks 0-3 in utero?
death of embryo may occur
34
There is a risk of which malformation of the fetus during weeks 3-8 in utero? What happens during this time frame?
risk of malformation of the embryo-esp heart defects | **maximally sensitive during this period
35
There is a risk of which malformation of the fetus during weeks 8-birth in utero? What happens during this time frame?
functional disturbance of the fetus, such as MR | during this time get growth & maturation of organ systems
36
What are some of the signs of FAS?
``` thin upper lip short palpebral fissure flat nasal bridge short nose elongated philtrum ```
37
Describe the development of the placode & neural tube from the eye.
optic grooves form and then become optic vesicles. overlying ectoderm becomes a lens placode they both end up invaginating
38
The optic cup is connected to which structure?
optic stalk
39
The lumen of the optic stalk leads to which space?
intraretinal space
40
Which artery goes toward the lens placode?
hyaloid artery
41
If you took a cross section of the optic stalk what would it show?
an outer layer & inner layer with a lumen in b/w a hyaloid artery deep to the inner layer and a choroid fissure that separates the 2 sides from making a tube
42
If this choroid fissure remains...what happens? How common is this disease?
you get MAC disease microphthalmia, anophthalmia, coloboma ***1/10000
43
Describe the components of the eye in 7 week embryo.
the globe is in undifferentiated mesenchyme ectoderm is on the outer surface optic nerve fibers enter with a hyaloid vessel there are also lens fibers & an anterior lens epithelium there is an inner neural layer & an outer pigment layer of the retina
44
What all happens with retinal detachment?
the inner layer of the retina peels off
45
Describe the beginning steps of the formation of the inner ear.
Otic placode formed from ectoderm the placode invaginates it makes an otic pit it makes an otic vesicle
46
What happens to the epithelium in the otic vesicle?
it forms the statoacoustic ganglion (this lies next to the vesicle)
47
What are the 2 sources of the tissue that composes the statoacoustic ganglion?
most comes from the otic placode other parts come from neural crest cells **none comes from neural tube
48
Past the part that we have discussed, describe the formation of the inner ear.
Endolymphatic sac connects to endolymphatic duct utricular portion of otic vesicle goes to utriculosaccular duct goes to saccular portion of otic vesicle **then a tubular outgrowth of saccule happens & makes a swirl & forms the cochlear duct
49
Describe the development of the canal of the inner ear.
you get flattened out pocketing of the utricle get apposition of walls of opposing outpocketings walls disappear & you get semicircular canals
50
What is the middle ear derived from?
endoderm-tympanic cavity | 1st & 2nd pharyngeal arches--ossicles
51
Which types of genes regulate segmentation of the neuraxis?
Hox Genes
52
T/F Hox genes are expressed in certain segments. If you misexpress them, you can change their fate.
True.
53
Describe neural tube & ventricular development.
the lateral ventricles are significantly altered, but not the third ventricle **Prosencephalon-->Telencephalon + Diencephalon Mesencephalon remains. Rhombencephalon-->Metencephalon + Myelencephalon Spinal cord remains.
54
If you peel away the cerebellum what are you left with?
a rhombus! Why it is called the rhombencephalon
55
If you get a stenosis of the cerebral aqueduct, what condition do you develop?
hydrocephalus
56
What are the 2 embryonic origins of the pituitary gland?
anterior lobe: ectoderm | posterior lobe: neural tube
57
T/F Rathke's pouch extends into the area of the diencephalon.
True. Note: rathke's pouch gives rise to the adenohypophysis
58
Where is a safe place to do a lumbar puncture?
L3/L4 you won't hit spinal cord
59
Describe spinal cord/vertebrae development.
at first the spinal cord grows much faster than the vertebrae 3 months in utero: have more spinal cord but the vertebrae eventually catch up & outgrow in length
60
What are the sources of neurons & glia?
neural tube (ventricular zone) placodes neural crest stem cells
61
Describe the process of neurogenesis in a ventricular zone.
cell's axons extend from the ventricular zone to the marginal zone. the cell body starts on one side & then becomes closer to the marginal side & then moves back down again. Then it loses its processes that contact the zones. It divides into 2 daughter cells. Then the daughter cell gets a process to each zone. This cycles until there are sufficient glioblasts
62
Describe neural crest migration.
the upper portion of the tube has neural crest cells these migrate along different pathways & attain different fates they become mesenchymal cells, b/c this is what you must be to migrate.
63
What are some of the different things that neural crest cells can become?
``` pigment cells in skin DRG or sympathetic ganglion adrenal gland some sort of plexus chromaffin cells in adrenal medulla multipolar neuron schwann cell satellite cell ```
64
T/F Neural crest cells have a huge role in forming the back.
False. The face.
65
The neural crest cells of the trunk crest makes spinal ganglia, and the cranial crest makes what?
cranial ganglia (5, 7, 9, 10)
66
The neural crest cells of the cranial crest makes parasympathetic ganglia, but the trunk crest makes what?
sympathetic ganglia
67
The neural crest cells of the trunk crest makes glial cells of peripheral nerves, but the cranial crest makes what?
glial cells of peripheral nerves & leptomeninges
68
T/F Both neural crest cells of the trunk crest & cranial crest make melanocytes.
True.
69
T/F Neural crest cells of the cranial chest make the adrenal medulla.
False. Of the trunk crest
70
What are some other structures that neural crest cells of the cranial crest form?
``` carotid body thyroid skeleton (cranial bone & cartilage) CT (dermis, odontoblasts) Muscle (ciliary & vascular) ```
71
What is an embryonic stem cell?
- self-renewing; can give rise to ALL tissue and cell types (including germ cells)
72
What is a somatic stem cell?
- Self-renewing | - Can give rise to full range of diploid, tissue-specific cell classes
73
What is a neural stem cell?
- self-renewing | - can give rise to any diploid cell type in the CNS or PNS
74
What is a neural progenitor cell?
- no self-renewal; can give rise to only one class of neurons
75
What type of cells are microglia made from?
a type of mesenchymal cell that migrates into the brain
76
How can you make a multipolar neuroblast?
a neuroepithelial cell--> bipolar neuroblast--> multipolar neuroblast
77
How do you get a protoplasmic astrocyte?
a neuroepithelial cell--> gliablast--> protoplasmic astrocyte
78
How do you get a fibrillar astrocyte?
a neuroepithelial cell--> gliablast--> fibrillar astrocyte
79
How do you get oligodendroglia?
a neuroepithelial cell--> gliablast--> olgodendroglia
80
How do you get an ependymal cell?
from a neuroepithelial cell
81
Schwann cells myelinate axons located where?
located in the periphery
82
Which type of cell myelinates axons in the CNS? Note: one of these cells myelinates a bunch of axons.
oligodendrocytes
83
What are the 2 theories of how we get cellular diversity?
Lineage Theory & Environment Theory
84
Describe the theory of cell lineage for cellular diversity.
an uncommitted precursor cleaves second cleavage produces diversity of daughter cells lineage leads to diversity in daughter cells **cells acquire diverse fates at the precursor state rely on information intrinsic to the cell
85
Describe the theory of environment for cellular diversity.
uncommitted precursor cleaves to form uncommitted daughter exposed to environmental signals, intercellular signals signaling leads to diversity in daughter cells **pleuropotential precursor, diversity generated among daughter cells from specific signals from other cells
86
T/F Different signalling molecules turn neural crest progenitors into different phenotypes. Ex: Neural crest progenitor-->melanocyte via stem cell factor
True.
87
Which factors allow you to go from neural crest progenitor to chromaffin cell?
glucocorticoids!
88
Which factors allow you to go from neural crest progenitor to sensory neuron?
LIF: leukocyte initiating factor
89
Which factors allow you to go from neural crest progenitor cell to adrenergic or cholinergic neurons?
Neural crest-->sympathetic progenitor via FGF2 Sympathetic Progenitor-->Adrenergic Neuron via NGF Sympathetic Progenitor-->Cholinergic Neuron via Ciliary Neurotrophic Factor
90
How do you generate a cortex?
by moving neurons from the ventricular zone to the cortex (plial surface) via radial glial processes
91
Describe the inside out layer of the cortex.
studies have shown thru radioactive data earliest neurons born are in the white matter latest neurons born are in the cortex
92
Should you get a 4 hour 4D ultrasound for your baby?
NO
93
Give some examples of neuronal migration.
Neural Crest Mesencephalic nucleus of the trigeminal nerve Olfactory placode/hypothalamus: GnRH neurons Oculomotor neurons: exchange across the midline

Block 5; Week 4 (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions