HB1-Hendrickson Flashcards
What is the story of the unabomber & how does this affect the question of nature v. nurture?
Ted K’s brother is director of monastery & he is a murdered. As a child he was quiet & socially withdrawn. He was eventually diagnosed with schizophrenia. He did have traumatic experiences, however, in the hospital, with bullying, and a 3 yr CIA study at Harvard.
T/F The concept of neuroplasticity kind of connects genetics (nature) & nurture (environment).
True.
How does the human brain differ from at birth from the brains of other species?
human brain needs to be small for delivery. more dependence after birth than other species. Need bonding & do a lot of learning in that process. A lot of gain or loss of development & potential during that time.
What are some of the things that children are at risk for if they are born under the poverty line?
**these are things that could hurt development lack of parenting & attachment emotional or physical trauma medical problems bad nutrition toxin exposure
What was John Watson’s problem?
this guy wrote Psychological Care of Infant & Child & thought that parents hindered child’s development
maybe kid can grow up in a box with sufficient stimulation w/o parents!
His kids were super messed up, sadly.
What are the 4 important studies that relate to the evolution of our understanding of the role of love in development?
- Rene Spitz (1940s-1950s); Maternal Deprivation in Institutions
- John Bowlby (1951); Maternal Deprivation in WWII Orphans
- James Robertson (1952); Maternal Deprivation in Hospitalized Patients
- Harry Harlow (1950s-1960s); Maternal Deprivation in Monkeys
What were the dominant theories that came out of these studies?
Attachment Theory (John Bowlby) Types of Attachment (Mary Ainsworth 60s-70s)
Describe Rene Spitz’s experiment.
looked @ whether kids who were kept in prison nursery & given contact with mothers did better than children kept in foundling home who were deprived of contact but were clean & cared for.
the prison nursery kids did better–>higher IQ & better development & didn’t show “hospitalism”
What was the state of the orphanage babies in Spitz’s study?
1/3 of the babies died by age 2
survivors couldn’t walk or talk by age 2
many of the kids ended up institutionalized for life
John Bowlby in his studies describe 3 stages to the experience of children separated from their mothers in WWII. What were they?
- Protest
- Despair
- Detachment
What did Harlow’s studies show?
showed that infant rhesus monkeys preferred cloth surrogate mother to a wire mother w/ a milk bottle. Mothers aren’t just about food, but about contact & love. The babies w/ the cloth mom were more willing to explore, less frightened of new stimuli.
Can a non-parent provide a bond with a child?
Why, yes.
So…why do we have the foster system in the US? Which psychological theory is this based off of?
based off of attachment theory
saw that children needed contact comfort, better to put them in homes than in institutions
So, once again which people came up with attachment theory? What does this theory state? What are the 4 types of attachment?
Bowlby & Ainsworth
**infants need to develop a relationship with a primary care giver for social & emotional development to occur normally.
Types:
Secure, Avoidant, Ambivalent, Disorganized
T/F Attachment theory only holds true for Western Culture.
FALSE…this theory is true across cultures!
What are the 4 characteristics, according to attachment theory, of mother-child attachment?
Proximity Maintenance: babies want to be near their mother
Safe Haven: parent is safe haven, safe place
Secure Base: children make contact with mom & then feel safe to explore their environment before they return back to her.
Separation Distress: kids are distressed when separated from parent.
Describe the set-up of the strange situation experiment.
baby 11-18 mo old
plays in a room w/ mother’s presence but w/o her participation.
stranger enters room & talks to mom & plays with kid.
Mom leaves room quietly.
Mom returns later.
With a securely attached child…what happened in this experiment in the following areas?
- When the mother was present:
- When the mother left:
- When the mother returned:
- Child’s behavior toward stranger:
- Mother’s responsiveness:
*When the mother was present:
child explores & plays, uses mom as secure base
*When the mother left:
child protests, but not desperate. Trusts mom to return.
*When the mother returned:
child pleased, quickly comforted, returns to play.
*Child’s behavior toward stranger:
comforted by stranger, but prefers mom.
*Mother’s responsiveness:
responds quickly & consistently to child’s needs
child knows mom will meet their needs.
With an insecurely attached child (avoidant)…what happened in this experiment in the following areas?
- When the mother was present:
- When the mother left:
- When the mother returned:
- Child’s behavior toward stranger:
- Mother’s responsiveness:
*When the mother was present: emotionally distant, little playful interaction *When the mother left: indifference *When the mother returned: indifference *Child's behavior toward stranger: same as toward mother *Mother's responsiveness: mom disengaged, doesn't meet kid's needs child doesn't cry b/c doesn't expect needs to be met
With an insecurely attached child (anxious)…what happened in this experiment in the following areas?
- When the mother was present:
- When the mother left:
- When the mother returned:
- Child’s behavior toward stranger:
- Mother’s responsiveness:
*When the mother was present:
anxious, wants mom’s attention, but shows anger
*When the mother left:
child distressed
*When the mother returned:
child still distressed & angry, won’t return to play
*Child’s behavior toward stranger:
not easily comforted
*Mother’s responsiveness:
oscillates b/w sensitive & neglectful; unpredictable
child can’t rely on needs being met
With an insecurely attached child (disorganized)…what happened in this experiment in the following areas?
- When the mother was present:
- When the mother left:
- When the mother returned:
- Child’s behavior toward stranger:
- Mother’s responsiveness:
*When the mother was present:
*When the mother left:
When the mother returned:
**at all of these times, dazed, confused, apprehensive
*Child’s behavior toward stranger:
same as mom
*Mother’s responsiveness:
acts as figure of fear & reassurance.
What are the percentages of kids who are secure, avoidant, anxious, disorganized?
secure: 65%
avoidant: 20%
anxious: 10-15%
disorganized: 10-15%
Which child type is this:
anxious, insecure, angry?
anxious
Which child type is this:
depressed, angry, completely passive, nonresponsive
disorganized
What are the long term results of a securely attached child?
Basic trust. Positive self image. Goal oriented. Positive outlook on life. Strong relationships. Good coping strategies & skills. Ego resiliency.
What are the long term results of an insecurely attached child?
Lack of trust.
Confused self image.
Emotional detachment & volatility
Relationship challenges
What are 4 factors that affect parenting quality?
Attachment
“Goodness of fit”
Parenting style
Language use
What are 3 categories of adverse early experiences?
Maternal depression
Abuse and neglect
Emotional and physiologic trauma
