digestive system Flashcards by K M

overall purpose of the digestive system

The organs of the digestive system mechanically and chemically process food

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overall purpose of the digestive system

why?

Large molecules of food must be broken down into small molecules that can be absorbed by the epithelium lining the digestive tract for transfer to the circulating blood

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peritoneum

The peritoneum is a serous membrane with two parts

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peritoneum

partial peritoneum that covers the

abdominal wall

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peritoneum

visceral peritoneum which covers

the abdominal viscera

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there is a potential space between the two peritoneum layers called

peritoneal cavity

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the organs within the abdominal cavity are often described in relation to the peritoneal membranes

intraperitoneal organs
retroperitoneal organs
mesentery

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intraperiotneal organs

are completely wrapped in peritoneum

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retroperitoneal organs

are located posteriorly to the peritoneum, and only their anterior surfaces are covered with peritoneum. they do not have a mesentery

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mesentery

-double layer of peritonuem
-suspended organs from wall

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peritoneal folds suspend most of the digestive organs to eahcother and to the abdominal cavity there are

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secondary retroperitoneal organs

are digestive tract organs that are intraperitoneal organs in the early embryonic state but during the embryonic development become retroperitoneal.

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greater omentum: attaches to the greater ________- to the ______

greater curvature of stomach to the transverse colon

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lesser omentum: attaches stomach and ______ to liver

duodenum

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falciform ligaments: attaches _____- to abdominal wall

liver

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mesentery proper: binds the jejunum and ____ of the small intestine to the posterior abdominal wall

ileum

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mesocolon: bind the transverse colon, sigmoid colon of the ________- and appendix to the posterior abdominal wall

large intestine

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oral cavity

the frenulum is

is a small fold of tissue found in different parts of the body

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oral cavity

the uvula is part of the soft palate; it helps ….

it helps prevent food and liquid from going up the nose when swallowing

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oral cavity

the tongue is secreted to the floor of the oral cavity with a _______-

lingual frenulum

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oral cavity

tongue tie is a problem with the tongue that is present from birth. it occurs when the

the frenulum on the bottom of the tongue is too short and tight.

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the teeth are composed of four dental tissues, three of them ______ , ________- and ______ are hard tissues

enamel, dentin and cementum

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the fourth tissue of dental tissues is the pulp, it is the centre of the tooth that contains

nerves, blood vessels and connective tissue is a non-calcified, tissue.

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humans have four types of teeth

incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, which each have a specific function.

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nasopharynx functions

only in respiration

oropharynx functions

in digestion and respiration

laryngopharynx functions

in digestion and respiration

swallowing is a process that is initiated voluntarily but continues _________

involuntarily

there are three phases of swallowing

-buccal -pharyngeal -esophageal

the pharyngeal muscles cooperate with muscle of the ____ and _____ to initiate and continue the swallowing process

oral cavity and esophagus

what are the 4 major histological layers of the digestive system

-muscosa -submucosa -muscular layer -serous layer or serosa

peristalsis

rhythmic waves of muscle contraction waves of muscular contractions that move the bolus along the esophagus

Movement of the bolus along the esophagus is called

peristalsis

the peristaltic wave is determined by

longitudinal and circular muscles

esophagus

hollow muscular, transports foods and liquids to the stomach

esophagus enters the peritoneal cavity through an opening in the diaphragm ______

esophageal hiatus

the esophagus begins at the level of the ________- and ends anterior to T7

circuit cartilage anterior to C6

the functions of the stomach are to (3)

1. Store food for a bit 2. Breaks down food by crushing it (mechanically digest) 3. Breaks down food more using acids and enzymes (chemically digest)

the stomach is an _____ organ located between the oesophagus and the duodenum

intraperiotoneal

stomach has four main anatomical divisions

fundus cardia body pyloric part

__ are gastric folds that appear in the empty stomach, increasing its surface are for area for better function

rugae

the small intestine has three anatomical subividions

duodenum, jejunum and ileum

duodenum

the shortest segment of the small intestine. it is approx 25cm long -C shaped, surrounding the pancreas

duodenum 2.5cm is ____- while the rest is secondarily retroperitoneal

intraperiotoneal

jejunum (2.5m long) at this junction the small intestine re-enters the _____ becoming intraperiotneal and supported by a sheet of mesentery

peritoneal cavity

ileum the third segment of the small intestine. it is _____ and is the longest segment

intraperiotoneal

ileum 3.5 m in length. the ileum ends in the ________. the sphincter controls the flow of material from the ileum into the cecum of the large intestine

iliocecal valve

large intestine the horse-shoe shaped large intestine begins at the junction with the ___ and ends at the anus

ileum

the large intestine forms

almost a complete frame around the small intestine

the large intestine is often called

the large bowel or colon

cecum

the cecum is the first part of the large intestine and is located in the right lower abdomen, near the appendix

the cecum is also located intraperitoneally but

lacks a mesentery

large intestine the colon has pouches called _____ which allow for expansion

haustra

large intestine longitudinal muscle bands known as _____ create the haustra by maintaining muscle tone

teniae coli

large intestine the _____ help the the large intestine (colon) by expanding and contracting to mix and move fecal material. This process aids in absorbing water.

haustra coli

appendix the appendix is attached to the posteromedial surface of the ___

cecum

appendix the primary function of the appendix is an an organ of the __________

lymphatic system

rectum the rectum is the final part of the digestive tract leading to

the anal canal

the anus is controlled by two muscles

the internal anal sphincter (involuntary) and the external anal sphincter (voluntary).

inside the anal canal are veins that can damage due to pressure causing hemorrhoids

Strain during bowel movements Chronic constipation Diarrhea Pregnancy Long therm sitting

the small intestine is responsible for ____ % of digestion, plus a major site of absorption

90%

duodenum extends from pylorus to ________

duodenoiejunal junction

duodenum _____ regulates movement of chyme from stomach into duodenum

pyloric sphincter

bulk of chemical digestion and nutrient absorption happens in the

jejunum

ileum mesenteric fat is

abundant

the largest intestine is the last portion of the digestive system -thinner than

small intestine, no vili

large intestine functions: secretion of a ______- and movement of remaining non-digested food

protective mucous

cecum connected to the ileum via ________

iliocecal valve

the cecum collects and stores materials from the _____ and begins the process of compaction

ileum

a small mesentery called the ________-- connects the appendix to the ilieum and cecum

meso-appendix

both the cecum and the appendix are

intraperitoneal

colon haustra

series of pouches - permit considerable distention and elongation

colon teniae coli

run along the outer surface of the colon- bands of smooth muscle- muscle tone here creates the haustra

colon omental appendices

teardrop shaped sacs of fat

the ascending colon begins at the superior bodied of the

cecum

the ascending colon turns to the left at the __________ this bend marks the beginning of the transverse

hepatic flexure

______ curves anteriorly form the right colic flexure

transverse colon

the ascending colon is _______-

secondarily retroperitoneal

the initial segment of the transverse colon is ______-

intraperitoneal

the transverse colon is supported by the _______

transverse mesocolon

as the transverse colon passes inferior to the greater curvature of the stomach it becomes _______

secondarily retroperitoneal

descending colon is ______-

secondarily retroperitoneal

at the iliac fossa the descending colon curves and becomes the _______

sigmoid colon

the sigmoid colon is suspended from the _______

sigmoid mesocolon

rectum and anal canal continence depends on

compliance, consistency and control

rectum and anal canal the smooth muscles fibers of this sphincter are not ______-

under voluntary control (IAS)

upper right abdominal quadrant

liver and gall bladder

upper left abdominal quadrant

stomach and spleen

lower right quadrant of abdomen

appendix and upper colon

lower left quadrant of abdomen

sigmoid colon

liver and gallbladder detoxify a wide range of chemicals brought into the body through ________-

food digestion (liver)

liver and gallbladder regulates metabolism

metabolize nutrients into other forms for storage or use by other tissues (liver)

liver and gallbladder produce and secrete

(liver) and store bile until it is needed for fat digestion (gallbladder)

liver is the largest

accessory digestive organ

liver lies in right ____ and epigastric regions

hypochondriac

liver extends into the

left hypochondriac and umbilical regions

4 lobes of the liver

right left caudate quadrate

ligaments of liver

falciform round coronary

gallbladder is an intraperiotoneal organ -located ?

located in a fossa on the posterior surface of the livers right lobe

the gallbladder store and concentrates

bile before its transfer to small intestines

three regions of gallbladder

funds, body and neck

gallbladder cystic duct exits the gallbladder and unties with the __________ to create the common bile duct

hepatic duct

gall bladder at the duodenum a muscular sphincter of ampulla surrounds the lumen of the ______ and duodenal ampulla

bile duct

the _____ brings blood from the intestine to the liver

hepatic portal system

circulation in the hepatic portal system _____ of the blood enters through portal vein

75%

circulation in the hepatic portal system ____ of blood enters through hepatic artery

25%

circulation in the hepatic portal system central veins drain into the ______

hepatic vein

pancreas posses both ____ and _____ gland components

endocrine and exocrine

pancreas is 99% endocrine gland

produces digestive enzymes and buffers

pancreas is 1% endocrine

(Islet of Langerhans – Alpha and Beta Cells

Pancreatic exocrine glands contain acini and ducts acini

grape like clusters of exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes

Pancreatic exocrine glands contain acini and ducts islet of langerhans

secrete insulin, glycogen and other hormones (alpha and beta ducts)

Pancreatic exocrine glands contain acini and ducts ducts

fuse and drain into duodenum