Heart

Question 1

position of the heart

Answer 1

Located within the middle/central of mediastinum

Question 2

Mediastinum is

Answer 2

an anatomical region that extends from the sternum to the vertebral column, from the first rib to diaphragm, and between the lungs

Question 3

coordination of the beating heart

Answer 3

-pulmonary and systemic pumps work in parallel

-they are connected to each other and highly coordinated

• contract and relax together

-pump roughly the same volume of blood

Question 4

the heart is located in the __________ and is protected by the _______

Answer 4

thoracic cavity
pericardium

Question 5

features of the pericardium

Answer 5

fibrous pericardium: outer layer, made of dense regular connective tissue

serous pericardium: double layered pericardial fluid-filled membrane

Parietal layer: outermost layer in contact with fibrous pericardium

Visceral layer: surrounds and is continuous with surface of the heart

Question 6

pericardial cavity contains

Answer 6

a small amount of pericardial fluid which helps lubricate the heart to facilitate contraction / relaxation

Question 7

the heart is an ________ organ

Answer 7

multilayered

Question 8

epicardium

Answer 8

outermost layer, made of loose areolar connective and adipose tissue (visceral pericardium)

Question 9

myocardium

Answer 9

thickest layer, contains cardiomyocytes and cardiac skeleton (heart muscle itself)

Question 10

endocardium

Answer 10

deepest layer, made of simple squamous endothelial tissue

Question 11

superficial structure of the heart

Answer 11

-4 chambers
-the two superior receiving chambers are the atria (right and left), receives blood from veins
-the two inferior pumping chambers are the ventricles (right and left), eject blood from heart into arteries

Question 12

right atrium
receives blood from (3 openings)

Answer 12

-superior vena cava
-inferior vena cava
-coronary sinus
has an auricle

pumps blood to the right ventricle

Question 13

right ventricle

Answer 13

-receives blood from the right atrium
-pumps blood to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries (away from the heart- deoxygenated blood)

Question 14

left atrium

Answer 14

has an auricle
receives blood from the lungs (4 openings)
- 4 pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)

pumps blood to the left ventricle

Question 15

left ventricle

Answer 15

receives blood from the left atrium
- pumps blood to the whole body through the aorta (oxygenated away)
-thicker wall when compared with right ventricles

Question 16

major arteries of the heart -
Arch of Aorta

branches (3)

Answer 16

-starts after the ascending aorta
-ends as the thoracic aorta at a level between T4 and T5

branches
- brachiocephalic trunk
-left subclavian artery
-left common carotid artery

Question 17

veins returning blood to the heart
superior vena cava

Answer 17

receives blood from veins above the diagram

Question 17

veins returning blood to the heart
inferior vena cava

Answer 17

receives blood from veins below the diaphragm

Question 18

veins returning blood to the heart
coronary sinus

Answer 18

receives blood from cardiac veins

Question 19

blood flow through the heart and major vessels

Answer 19

1. De-oxygenated blood enters right atrium from body through superior and inferior vena cava
2. pumped through tricuspid valve to right ventricle
3. blood exits heart through pulmonary arteries into pulmonary circulation
4. oxygen-rich blood returns through pulmonary veins into the left atrium
5. pumped through virtual valve into left ventricle
6. blood exits through aorta into systemic circulation

Question 20

coronary arteries
two branches

Answer 20

right coronary artery and left coronary artery

Question 21

right coronary artery

Answer 21

within coronary sulcus
between right auricle and pulmonary trunk

branches:
-right marginal
-sino atrial
- posterior interventricular

Question 22

left coronary artery

Answer 22

within coronary sulcus
between left auricle and pulmonary trunk
larger diameter then right one
anastomoses with right coronary artery via circumflex artery

branches:
1. anterior interventricular artery (LAD)
2. circumflex artery branches into left marginal artery

Question 23

coronary veins
(3)

Answer 23

-greater cardiac veins (runs along LAD)

-middle cardiac vein (runs along posterior inter ventricular artery)

-small cardiac vein (runs along the coronary artery)

all drain in coronary sinus

Question 24

right atrium: pectinate muscles

Answer 24

extends along the inner wall of right atrium

Question 25

3 openings in right atrium

Answer 25

coronary sinus, superior vena cava and inferior vena cava fossa ovalis

Question 26

right ventricle papillary muscles chord tendinae

Answer 26

Chordae tendineae arise from the papillary muscles Limit movement of the cusps when the valves close preventing backflow of blood

Question 27

right ventricle tricuspid valve

Answer 27

valve (separates R atrium from R ventricle)

Question 28

right ventricle conus arteriousus

Answer 28

cone shaped pouch – superior end of right ventricle

Question 29

right ventricle trabeculae carneae

Answer 29

only found in the ventricles

Question 30

right ventricle moderator band (if present)

Answer 30

(Septomarginal trabeculae), it carries part of the right bundle of the conduction system to the papillary muscles

Question 31

left atrium features

Answer 31

same features like right atrium expect openings and fossa ovalis bicuspid valve (mitral valve)

Question 32

left ventricle features

Answer 32

-no moderator band -2 cups (mitral valve) - bicuspid separates L atrium from the L ventricle -thicker wall than right ones

Question 33

AV valves are restrained by ...

Answer 33

chordae tendinae (fibrous chords) which are int urn attached to papillary muscle

Question 34

__________ separated pulmonary trunk from right ventricle

Answer 34

pulmonary seminar valve

Question 35

aorta exits from left ventricle through _____________

Answer 35

aortic seminar valve

Question 36

atrial systole begins

Answer 36

atrial contraction forces a small amount of additional blood into relaxed ventricles

Question 37

ventricular systole-first phases

Answer 37

ventricular contraction pushes AV valves closed but does not create enough pressure to open seminar valves

Question 38

ventricular systole- second phase

Answer 38

as ventricular pressure rises and exceeds pressure in the arteries, the semiulnar valves open and blood is ejected

Question 39

ventricular diastole early

Answer 39

as ventricles relax, pressure in ventricles drops, blood flows back against cusps of semiulnar valves and forces them closed. blood flows into the relaxed aorta

Question 40

ventricular diastole - late

Answer 40

all chambers are relaxed, ventricles fill passively

Question 41

SA node - sinoatrial node

Answer 41

back wall of right atrium) pacemaker, spontaneously depolarizes & initiates heart beat

Question 42

AV - atrioventricular node

Answer 42

located where the 4 chambers meet - just above tricuspid valve * AV bundle transmits down the top of the inter-ventricular septum where it divides into two

Question 42

purkinje fibers

Answer 42

which reflect up the external walls of the ventricles and extend into papillary muscles as well stimulate contraction of cardiac muscle cells as a unit