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CPPS 221 > nervous system and brain > Flashcards

nervous system and brain Flashcards

1
Q

the CNS consists of _____ and ______

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

only 10% of CNS cells are neurons the rest are ______

A

neuroganglia

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3
Q

the CNS is supported by the ________

A

cerebral spinal fluid CSF

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4
Q

specific areas of neuronal bodies are called _____

A

nuclei

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5
Q

axons from multiple nuclei running parallel are called ______ (aka nerve tracts or white matter)

A

fibers

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6
Q

the neuron is the basic functional unit of the nervous system- responsible for ___________

A

sending and receiving nerve impulses or signals

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7
Q

________ are non neural cells that provide support and nutrition, maintain homeostasis, form myelin and facilitate signal transmission in the nervous system

A

glial cells

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8
Q

Brain is ___% of body weight and __% of the body oxygen and glucose consumption

A

2
20

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9
Q

forebrain

A

prosencephalon

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10
Q

midbrain

A

mesencephalon

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11
Q

hindbrain

A

rhombencephalon

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12
Q

the forebrain is subdivided into the telencephalon and diencephalon

A

telencephalon- cerebral hemishperes
diencephalon - thalamus and hypothalamus

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13
Q

Brain protection

Cranium

A

skull

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14
Q

Brain protection

meninges

A

shock absorbent
-prevents brain from contacting the skull

dura matter
arachnoid
pia matter

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15
Q

Brain protection

cerebrospinous fluid (CSF)

A

cushions the brain and spinal cord

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16
Q

Brain protection

blood brain barrier

A

tight junctions- prevent diffusion of materials between cells

only lip soluble compounds diffuse into the interstitial fluid

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17
Q

Meningeal Layers- Cranial meninges

  1. Dura matter
A

has 2 fibrous layers
1. periostea (fibrous outermost) - fused with periosteum lining of cranial bones

  1. Meningeal (innermost)
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18
Q

Meningeal Layers- Cranial meninges

  1. Arachnoid
A

delicate membrane located between meningeal dura and Pia matter, bridging both sulky and gyri

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19
Q

Meningeal Layers- Cranial meninges

  1. Pia matter
A

tightly attached to the surface contour of the brain and lines the sulci

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20
Q

epidural space located between

A

the skull and outermost dura
- middle meningeal artier runs in this space

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21
Q

subdural space located

A

between the inner dura layer and arachnoid
-bridging veins transverse it

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22
Q

subarachnoid space located between

A

the arachnoid and Pia matter
-CSF fills this space

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23
Q

longitudinal fissure

A
  • separates the 2 hemispheres
  • each hemisphere is divided into lobes named after the overlying bones of the skull
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24
Q

central sulcus

A
  • deep groove extends laterally from longitudinal fissure
    -frontal love anterior to central sulcus
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25
lateral sulcus
-marks the inferior border of frontal lobe region inferior to lateral sulcus is the temporal lobe
26
Pareto-occipital sulcus
-inferior border of parietal lobe -parietal lobe: extends posteriorly from the central sulcus to the p-o sulcus -region posterior to this is the occipital lobe
27
frontal lobe
primary motor cortex- conscious control of skeletal muscles
28
parietal lobe
primary somatosensory cortex- conscious perception of touch, pressure, vibration, pain, temperature and taste
29
temporal lobe
auditory and olfactory cortex- conscious perception of auditory and olfactory stimuli (hearing and smell)
30
occipital lobe
visual cortex- conscious perception of visual stimuli
31
lobes of the brain Fibres: carry __________ within and between hemispheres
information
32
association fibers
connect areas of cerebral cortex within one hemisphere
33
commissural fibres
connect one cerebral hemispheres to another
34
projection fibers
connect the cerebrum to other parts of the CNS and spinal cord
35
central sulcus separates ______ and _____ portions of the cortex
motor and sensory
36
primary motor cortex: represented by pre central gyrus of the frontal lobe which forms the ____________
anterior margin of central sulcus
37
primary somatosensory cortex: represented by the post central gyrus of the parietal lobe which forms the __________
posterior margin of central sulcus
38
Ventricular system of Brain Two lateral Ventricles (one in each cerebral hemisphere)
-separated by septum pellucidum -no direct connection
39
Ventricular system of Brain Third ventricle (in diencephalon)
-communicates with lateral ventricles by interventricualr foramen
40
Ventricular system of Brain fourth ventricle (in medulla oblongata)
narrows and is continuous with central canal of SC
41
limbic system contents
cerebral components -cortical areas -nuclei -tracts diencephalic components -thalamus -hypthalamus other -reticular formation
42
central white matter -covered by the grey settee of the cerebral cortex -contains ________ forming bundles connecting cortical areas to another
myelinated fibres
43
association fibers: interconnect areas of cortex within _________
a single hemisphere
44
commissural fibers: connect the 2 hemispheres, this involves the ________ and _________
corpus callosum and anterior commissure
45
projection fibers: connect cerebrum with other regions of ____ and ______
brain and spinal cord
46
Basal nuclei paired masses of grey matter within each cerebral hemisphere- _______________
deep to the floor of lateral ventricle
47
Basal nuclei is embedded with _________
central white matter
48
basal nuclei ______ and _______fibres travel around or between these nuclei
projection and commissural
49
basal nuclei _________ consists of lateral putamen and medial globes pallidus
lentiform nucleus
50
The basal nuclei/ganglia caudate nucleus stimulates muscles in limbs to produce ___________
normal pattern and rhythm in walking
51
The basal nuclei/ganglia putamen controls movement patterns at a ______- level
subconscious
52
The basal nuclei/ganglia globus pallidus interacts with the ______ to regulate muscle tone
thalamus
53
The basal nuclei/ganglia what three structures are collectively referred to as the basal ganglia
caudate nucleus putamen globus pallidus
54
what is a gyrus
an elevated ridge or hill
55
Diencephalon connects brainstem to the ________
cerebral hemispheres
56
Diencephalon Thalamus: largest part; receives input from most __________
sensory neurons in the body
57
Diencephalon subthalamus
motor functions
58
Diencephalon epithalamus: emotional and visceral responses to odours; biological clock contains the ______________
pineal gland (secrets melatonin)
59
Diencephalon hypothalamus: major endocrine tissue; homesostatically regulates many important psychological processes -infidibulum connects _________ to pituitary gland
hypothalamus
60
Anatomy of the Brainstem medulla oblongata: relays station between ______- and ________
spinal cord and brain
61
Anatomy of the Brainstem pons: relay station from medulla to higher _________
cortical structures of the brain
62
Anatomy of the Brainstem Pons: sensory and motor nuclei of _______
4 cranial nerves
63
Anatomy of the Brainstem Pons: nuclei regulating involuntary control of ____
respiration
64
Anatomy of the Brainstem midbrain: process ____ and ____ stimuli
visual and auditory
65
Anatomy of the Brainstem midbrain: connect primary motor cortex with motor neurons in brain and SC and carry ascending sensory info to ________
thalamus
66
Cerebellum anterior and posterior lobe assist in ___, ___ and _____ of limb and trunk movements
planning, execution and coordination
67
Cerebellum stores memories of _______
learned movement patterns
68
Cerebellum functions also to adjust postural muscles of the body, coordinates rapid autonomic adjustments that maintain ______ and ______
balance and equilibrium
69
Cranial nerves there are ___ pairs of cranial nerves found on the ventrolateral surface of the brain
12
70
cranial nerves olfactory (I)
olfactory epithelium (smell)
71
cranial nerves optic (II)
retina of the eye
72
cranial nerves Oculomotor (III)
inferior, medial and superior rectus, inferior oblique, levator palapbrea (intrinsic muscle of the eye)
73
cranial nerves trochlear (IV)
superior oblique mm (eye)
74
cranial nerves trigeminal (V)
many branches motor and sensory to jaw, sensory to orbits, nasal cavity, eyebrows, forehead, lower eyelid, upper lip and motor to muscles of mastication
75
Cranial nerves abducens (VI)
lateral rectus of eye
76
cranial nerves facial (VII)
sensory for taste receptors anterior 2/3, motor to muslce of facial expression and glands
77
cranial nerves vestibulocochlear/acoustic (VIII)
cochlea (receptor for hearing) and vestibule (receptors for motion and balance)
78
cranial nerves Glossopharyngeal (IX)
posterior 1/3 of tongue, carotid body, motor to pharyngeal muscles, parotid gland
79
cranial nerves vagus (X)
sensory, pharynx, diaphragm visceral organs, motor palatal and pharyngeal muscle, parotid gland
80
cranial nerves accessory (XI)
skeletal muscles of palate, pharynx and larynx, SCM and trapezius
81
cranial nerves hypoglosseal (XII
tongue musculature

CPPS 221 (16 decks)

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