Digestive System

Question 1

Gastrointestinal

Answer 1

organs that take in food and liquids and then down into substance that the body can use for energy, growth, and tissue repair

Question 2

Ingestion

Answer 2

taking in food

Question 3

Digestion

Answer 3

-biomolecule polymers break down into building blocks
-Thought of good can stimulate saliva production

Question 4

Mechanical digestion (mouth)

Answer 4

Physically breaking down food into smaller particles

Question 5

Chemical digestion (mouth)

Answer 5

-Enzymes break down nutrients into smaller molecules
-Includes buffers that neutralize acidity in the mouth- protect teeth from tooth decay
-Salivary Amylase- breaks down carbs

Question 6

Epiglottis

Answer 6

flap that covers the trachea during swallowing so food does not enter trachea and lungs

Question 7

Peristalsis

Answer 7

involuntary constriction and relaxation
-Creating wave-like movements to push contents down the canal
-part of digestion

Question 8

Mechanical digestion (stomach)

Answer 8

Churning of the stomach
-Bathes contents in gastric juices
-Results in chyme (pulpy acidic fluid which passes from the stomach into the small intestine)

Question 9

Chemical digestion (stomach)

Answer 9

-HCl- strong acidic solution of the gas hydrogen chloride in water
-Pepsin- chief digestive enzyme in the stomach that breaks down proteins into polypeptides

Question 10

Sphincters

Answer 10

-Lower esophageal sphincter- separates the esophagus from the stomach
-Pyloric sphincter- separates the stomach from the small intestine

Question 11

Absorption

Answer 11

absorbs nutrients to be delivered

Question 12

Absorption (small intestine)

Answer 12

1) Duodenum- shortest segments of small intestines
-Follows stomach
-Chemical digestion of chyme breaks down fats, proteins, and carbs absorbs iron and other materials
2) Jejunum- middle segment
-Absorption of nutrients
-Carbs and proteins are absorbed into bloodstream
3) Ileum- final segment
-Absorption of nutrients
-vit B13, bile salts, and products of digestion are absorbed

Villi- time hair-like projections that line the intestines and help w/ absorption into the bloodstream

Question 13

Absorption (large intestine)

Answer 13

primary site for water absorption

1) ascending colon- 1st segment of large intestine
-Right side of abdomen
-Absorbs water and salts
-Solidify waste into formed stool
-“Ascending absorbs”
2) transverse colon- longest most mobile part of large intestine
-Storage site for digested food
-More absorption of water and salts
-“Transverse transports”
3) descending colon
-Carries solid waste toward the rectum
-More absorption of water and minerals
-Stores feces until defecation
-“Descending drives down”

Question 14

Elimination

Answer 14

waste is removed
-Rectum- final segment of large intestine
-Stores feces until they are expelled through the anus

Question 15

Accessory organ: liver

Answer 15

-Carb and protein metabolism
-Created bile to help w/ the breakdown of lipids in small intestine

Question 16

Accessory organ: gallbladder

Answer 16

Stores the bile produced by the liver

Question 17

Accessory organ: pancreas

Answer 17

Produces pancreatic juices to help neutralize chyme

Question 18

Gastrin

Answer 18

-Location: G cells of the stomach
-Stimulate gastric glands to secrete pepsiogen (precursor for pepsin) and HCl (Aid in digestion of proteins)
-Released when eating food high in protein

Question 19

Cholecystokinin

Answer 19

-Location: I cells of the Duodenum and Jejunum
-Digesting fats and proteins and stimulating the gallbladder to release bile

Question 20

Secretin

Answer 20

-Location: S cells of Duodenum
-Regulated pH (balance in duodenum) by inhibiting gastric acid secretion and stimulating Bicarbonate (neutralize acidic chyme that enters small intestine from stomach) production

Question 21

Insulin

Answer 21

-Location: Beta cells of pancreas
-Glucose metabolism and stores glucose as glycogen
-Stimulate liver and muscle cells to store glucose as glycogen
-promotes the synthesis fats in adipose tissue
-Lower blood sugar levels

Question 22

Glucagon

Answer 22

-Location: alpha cells of pancreas
-Raises blood glucose levels
-Raise blood sugar level
-By stimulating liver to breakdown stored glycogen into glucose
-Glucose then released into bloodstream
-Maintains fuel balance
-Especially active between meals and during exercise

Question 23

Bile

Answer 23

-Produced by liver
-Stores in gallbladder
-Emulsifies fats makes it more accessible to digestive enzymes that digest lipids (essential to for digestion and absorption of fatty substances in small intestine)
-Does not break down substances