Skeletal System

Question 1

Skeletal system includes

Answer 1

muscles, bones, cartilage, and connective tissues like ligaments and tendons.

Question 2

How many bones in the adult human body?

Answer 2

206

Question 3

Axial skeleton

Answer 3

-Skull
-Ossicles
-Hyoid
-Rib cage
-Vertebral column

Question 4

Appendicular

Answer 4

-Shoulder hurdle
-Arms and hands
-Pelvic girdle
-Legs and feet

Question 5

Functions

Answer 5

-Supporting body
-Protecting internal organs
-Reservoir for minerals
-Produces RBC and WBC
-Enable movement

Question 6

Long bones

Answer 6

-Longer than they are wide
-Cylinder shape
-Humerus
-Ulna
-Radius
-Femur
-Tibia
-Fibula
-Phalanges
-Metacarpals
-Metatarsals

Question 7

Short bones

Answer 7

-Length and width are close to equal
-Cube shaped
-Carpals tarsal
-Stability
-Mobilized by muscle contraction

Question 8

Sesamoid bones

Answer 8

-Round bones
-Cubed shape
-Patella
-Handle pressure
-Found and embedded in tendons or muscles

Question 9

Flat bones

Answer 9

-Curved and thin bones
-Cranial bone
-Scapulae
-Body structure
-Protection

Question 10

Irregular bones

Answer 10

-No specific shape description
-Vertebrae
-Protect against force
-Provide bodily movements in multiple directions

Question 11

Compact bone

Answer 11

-Hard, dense outer layer of bones
-Protects and strengthens bones

Question 12

Spongy bone

Answer 12

-“Cancellous” or “Trabecular bone”
-Porous, honeycomb-like structure

Question 13

Red bone marrow

Answer 13

-Contains hematopoietic stem cells that produce
-RBC’s
-WBC’s
-Platelets

Question 14

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 14

-Contains mesenchymal stem cells that produce
-Fat
-Cartilage
-Bone

Question 15

Osteoblasts

Answer 15

Cells required for bone synthesis and mineralization

Question 16

Osteocytes

Answer 16

-Mature osteoblasts
-Primary cells in bone tissue
-Essential for maintaining bone structure

Question 17

Osteoclasts

Answer 17

-Cells that break down bone tissue
-Contain lysosomes (organelles containing enzymes)
-These enzymes along w/ acids produced by osteoclasts dissolve bone tissue
-Important for bone remodeling and calcium homeostasis

Question 18

Bone remodeling

Answer 18

1) resting state
2) resorption
3) reversal
4) formation
5) mineralization

Question 19

Bone remodeling: Resting state

Answer 19

inactive state where no remodeling is happening
-Bone surface and bone cells are osteocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts- all inactive

Question 20

Bone remodeling: resorption

Answer 20

osteoclasts attach to bones surface and create acidic environment to dissolve mineral component of bone matrix
-Also degrades organic matrix resulting in formation of a reabsorption pit
-Crucial in removing old damaged bone tissue, forming new bone, and helping regulate calcium levels
-Calcium (Essential for activation of muscle contraction) is released during the resorption process

Question 21

Bone remodeling: reversal

Answer 21

mononuclear cells appear on surface (these cells signal end of resorption phase and start of formation phase)

Question 22

Bone remodeling: formation

Answer 22

osteoblasts begin to create new posted at resorption site to replenish bone lost during by respiration phase, maintaining skeletal strength and integrity
-Begin to lay down new osteoid at the resorption site
-Osteoid- mineralized bone matrix

Question 23

Bone remodeling: mineralization

Answer 23

new formed osteoid mineralizes; restore mechanical strength and support
-Calcium and phosphate from the body fluids crystallize onto collagen fibers of osteoid
-Will harden that new bone and restore strength

Question 24

Chondrocytes

Answer 24

-Mature chondroblasts
-Maintain structure of cartilage

Question 25

Chondroblasts

Answer 25

Form connective tissue known as cartilage

Question 26

What does cartilage do?

Answer 26

-Support bones -Joint connection -Template for bone placement

Question 27

Fractures

Answer 27

Initially hematoma (collection of blood resulting in high vascularity from the bone) forms at sight of break -Accumulation of blood can block the supply of nearby bone cells- typically causing cell death -Fortunately chondrocytes and chondroblasts quickly work to stabilize the fracture by forming a callus (thickened part of soft tissue- internal and external callus work together to secure and stabilize that fracture site during the healing process) -Osteoblasts- play role in removing damaged portions of the bone, clearing way for its repair. Be remodeling phase creating new bone to replace what was lost

Question 28

Internal callus

Answer 28

Cartilage

Question 29

External callus

Answer 29

mix of cartilage and bone

Question 30

Closed fracture

Answer 30

Simple fractures does not penetrate the skin

Question 31

Open fracture

Answer 31

Open/compound fracture does penetrate the skin

Question 33

Comminuted fracture

Answer 33

Bone shatter into 3 or more pieces

Question 34

Impacted fracture

Answer 34

Buckle fracture ends of the bones driven together

Question 35

Green stick fracture

Answer 35

Bone bends and cracks; does not break all the way through