Digestive System Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
Digestive system includes
A
gastrointestinal tract and accessory organs
2
Q
Gastrointestinal tract
A
tube from mouth to anus
3
Q
Accessory organs
A
teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
4
Q
Digestive system processes
A
- ingestion
- digestion
- absorption
- defecation
5
Q
Ingestion
A
food into oral cavity
6
Q
Digestion
A
large molecules broken down into smaller molecules
7
Q
2 types of digestion
A
- mechanical
- chemical
8
Q
Absorption
A
end products of digestion enter blood or lymph
9
Q
Defecation
A
elimination of indigested materials
10
Q
4 basic layers of gastrointestinal tract
A
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis externa
- serosa
11
Q
3 layers of the mucosa
A
- epithelium with numerous goblet cells
- lamina propria (areolar CT)
- muscularis mucosa
12
Q
Mucosa epithelium with goblet cells is stratified squamous in what areas?
A
- mouth
- pharynx
- esophagus
- anal canal
13
Q
Lamina propr. of mucosa contains
A
blood, lymph vessels, lymph nodes/tissues
14
Q
Muscularis mucosa
A
smooth muscle which allows movement of mucosa
15
Q
Submucosa tissue subtype
A
Areolar CT
16
Q
Submucosa contains
A
blood, lymphatic vessels, submucosal nerve plexus
17
Q
Muscularis externa tissue type
A
smooth muscle, the inner circle layer and outer longitudinal layer
18
Q
What is between the layers of muscularis externa
A
myenteric nerve plexus
19
Q
Contraction of ______ _____ causes
A
muscular external; motility (mixing and movement)
20
Q
Cavity =
A
lumen
21
Q
Oral cavity includes
A
- lips
- cheeks
- palate
- tongue
22
Q
2 palates of the mouth
A
hard and soft
23
Q
Hard palate made up of
A
2 maxillae and 2 palatine bones
24
Q
Soft palate contains
A
skeletal muscle and (uvula)
25
Uvula's purpose
rises to close the nasopharynx when swallowing
26
Tongue
attached to hyoid bone, skeletal muscle, and papillae
27
Papillae
projections of mucosa ( taste buds)
28
How many salivary glands
3 pairs (6 total)
29
Pairs of salivary glands
- parotid
- submandibular
- sublingual
30
Parotid glands
inferior and anterior to ears
31
Mumps
inflammation of 1 or both parotids
32
Submandibular glands
floor of mouth, below the mandible
33
Sublingual glands
below tongue on floor of mouth
34
Components of saliva
- 99.5% water
| - 0.5% solutes (enzyme)
35
Dentition
(teeth) in maxillae and mandible
36
Child dentition
primary dentition (deciduous "baby" teeth)
37
Adult dentition
secondary dentition (permanent teeth)
38
Total number of child teeth
20
39
Total number of adult teeth
32
40
Tooth structure consists of
- crown
- root
- neck
- periodontal ligaments
- root canal
41
Crown of tooth
above the gum, dentin is majority of tooth, enamel overlay
42
Root of tooth
dentin and cementum overlay
43
Dentin, enamel, cementum are..
similar to bone but avascular
44
Neck of tooth
enamel and cementum boundary
45
Periodontal ligaments
attach root to bones
46
Root canal extends to..
pulp cavity
47
Root canal of tooth
contains CT, blood/lymph vessels and nerves
48
Oropharynx/Laryngoharynx tissue subtype
Only muscular externa and stratified squamous epithelium
49
Esophagus
posterior to trachea, passes through diaphragm to the abdominal cavity
50
Esophagus contains
all 4 histological layers in GI tract from this point on
51
Exceptions in esophagus
- muscularis externa
| - has adventitia
52
Muscularis externa of esophagus
- upper 1/3 = skeletal muscle
- middle 1/3 = skeletal and smooth muscle
- lower 1/3 = smooth muscle
53
Adventitia of esophagus
fibrous connective tissue
54
Stomachs 4 regions
- cardiac region
- fundus
- body
- pyloric region
55
Fundus
above the esophageal entrance
56
Pyloric region
(pylorus) has pyloric sphincter
57
Stomach
converts food into chyme, has greater and lesser curvature
58
Chyme
food and gastric juice
59
Stomach mucosa
invagination of epithelium forms gastric glands (exocrine) secrete gastric juice to lumen
60
Gastric glands contain
- chief cells
- pariental cells
- G cells
- Goblet cells
61
Chief cells
secrete pepsinogen and gastic lipase
62
Parietal cells
secrete HCl
63
G cells
(enteroendocrine cells) secrete gastrin
64
Rugae
folds of the muscosa and submucosa due to contraction of muscularis mucosa
65
Rugae allows..
expansion without tearing
66
Function of muscularis external of stomach
churning
67
3 layers of muscularis external of stomach
- inne oblique
- middle circular
- outer longitudinal
68
Small intestine goes from ___ ____ to ____ ____
pyloric sphincter; ileocaecal valve
69
3 segments of small intestine
- duodenum
- jejunum
- ileum
70
Duodenum
first fold (short), extra glands here secrete alkaline mucosa to protect against stomach acid
71
Jejunum
middle section
72
Ileum
has groups of lymph nodules (peyer's patches)
73
Peyer's patches
prevent infection of small intestine and bacteria from entering blood
74
Segments specialized to increase absorption surface area
- plicae circulares
- villi
- microvilli
75
Plicae circulares
submucosa thrown into folds
76
Villi
projections of mucosa into lumen, contains blood capillaries and lacteals
77
Lacteals
lymph capillaries that absorb blood
78
Microvilli
brush border on enterocytes, extend into lumen
79
Within epithelium separate enteroendocrine cells in stomach secrete hormones
- secretin
| - cholecystokinin
80
Small intestine accessory organs
- pancreas
- liver
- gall bladder
81
Pancreas parts
- head
- body
- tail
82
Pancreas contain
- exocrine glands
| - endocrine glands
83
2 types of exocrine glands
- acinar cells/acini
| - duct cells
84
Acinar cells/acini
secrete digestive enzymes into ducts
85
Duct cells
secrete alkaline fluid to neutralize stomach acid
86
Pancreatic juice =
digestive enzymes and alkaline fluid
87
Endocrine glands =
Islets of langerhans (amid acini)
88
Endocrine glands secrete
hormones such as insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar
89
4 lobes of the liver
- right
- left
- quadrate
- caudate
90
Cells of the liver
hepatocytes
91
Functions of liver
filters material from GI tract before going to rest of body, produces bile for fat digestion
92
Gall bladder
muscular sac on surface of liver
93
Gall bladder has ____ not submucosa
rugae
94
Function of gall bladder
stores and concentrates bile between meals
95
Gall bladder, liver, and pancreas enter..
duodenum via series of ducts
96
Large intestine goes from ___ ____ to ____
ileocaecal valce; anus
97
Large intestine has no
villi or folds
98
Large intestine consist of
- caecum
- appendix
- colon
- rectum
- anus
99
Parts of the colon
- ascending
- hepatic flexure
- transverse
- splenic flexure
- descending
- sigmoid
100
In colon muscularis externa longitudinal layer is..
incomplete which = taenjae coli
101
Contraction in colon forms pouches called
haustra
102
Epiploic appendages
fat filled pouches with unknown function
103
Rectum has
no taenjae coli
104
Anal canal
last 3 cm of rectum
105
Anus has 2 anal sphincters
internal (smooth) and external (skeletal w/ voluntary control)
106
Immune function of intestines
lymph nodules in mucosa throughout small and large intestine and peyers patches
107
Digestive function of intestines
lymph vessels most absorbed fats from small intestines enters lacteals
108
Portal system
blood vessels between 2 capillary beds (no blood passes through though)
109
Peritoneum is
serous membrane
110
Visceral peritoneum against
organ wall
111
Parietal peritoneum against
abdominal wall
112
Peritoneal cavity filled with..
serous fluid
113
Serosa between organs =
sheet of 2 fused visceral peritoneum layers that contains blood vessels and nerves
114
Peritoneum forms
folds in some areas (omenta)
115
Greater omentum
(fatty apron) covers tranverse colon and small intestine, has fat fro protection, insulation and NRG reserve
116
Lesser omentum
lower to stomach
117
Mesentery
Suspends small intestine from cavity wall, double layer of parietal peritoneum
118
Retroperitoneal
behind the peritoneum, peritoneum lines only one side
119
Peritonitis
inflammation of peritoneum
