Reproductive System Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
Structures of reproductive system
A
- gonads
- ducts
- accessory glands
2
Q
Gonads
A
(testes/ovaries) produce gametes and hormones
3
Q
Ducts
A
transport and store gametes
4
Q
Accessory glands
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produce secretions that support gametes
5
Q
Male reproductive system composed of
A
- testes
- ducts
- penis
- accessory glands
6
Q
Testes (gonads) located
A
within the scrotum (skin and CT)
7
Q
Testes surrounded by 2 layers
A
- tunica vaginalis
- tunica albuginae
8
Q
Tunica vaginalis
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outer serous membrane
9
Q
Tunica albuginae
A
inner fibrous CT capsule, extends inward to divided testis into lobules (250-300 lobules)
10
Q
Each lobule of testes contains
A
- seminiferous tubules
- leydig cells
11
Q
Seminiferous tubules are the site of..
A
sperm production
12
Q
Seminiferous tubules unit to form
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rete testis (tubules sperm must pass through to exit)
13
Q
Seminiferous tubule walls contain
A
- germ cells (gametes in various stages of development)
- seratoli cells (sustenocytes)
14
Q
Seratoli cells
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located between the germ cells and support and nourish sperm cells
15
Q
Seratoli cells extend from ________ to _______
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basement membrane; lumen of tubule
16
Q
Sertoli cells have ____ junctions which…
A
tight; forms good testis barrier which protects sperm from immune system, toxins, etc
17
Q
Leydig cells (interstitial cells)
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in CT between seminiferous tubules, secrete testosterone (endocrine tissue)
18
Q
Ducts of the male reproductive system
A
- epididymis
- vas deferens
- ejaculatory duct
- urethra
19
Q
Epididymis duct
A
posterior border of testis, store sperm and sperm mature here
20
Q
Vas (ductus) deferens
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enters pelvic cavity, loops over posterior bladder
21
Q
Vasectomy
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vas deferent cut and tied off (sperm still produced but broken down by macrophages)
22
Q
3 segments of the male urethra
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- prostate portion
- membranous portion (through urogenital diaphragm)
- penile portion (opens to glans penis)
23
Q
3 sections of the penis
A
- root
- shaft
- glans penis (enlarged tip)
24
Q
Erectile tissue consists of
A
- 2 corpora cavernosa
- 1 corpus spongiosum (on the glans penis)
25
Accessory glands of penis is where 95% of..
semen comes through
26
3 accessory glands of penis are
- seminal vesicles (2)
- prostate gland (1)
- bulbourethral (cooper's gland) (2)
27
Seminal vesicles
paired glands found at base of bladder, secretes seminal fluid (alkaline fluid) and contains fructose for energy source of sperm (60% semen)
28
Prostate gland
singular gland encircles the urethra, secretes milky, slightly acidic fluid. contains enzymes and nutrients needed to feed sperm (30% semen)
29
Bulbourethral (cooper's gland)
paired gland in urogenital diaphragm, produces a fluid which neutralizes urine in urethra. (5% of semen)
30
Spermatogenesis
sperm production within seminiferous tubules
31
Spermiogensis
differentiation of spermatids, develop flagella and acrosomes, lose most cytoplasm
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Spermatozoa structure
- head
- body
- tail
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Head of spermatozoa
contains haploid sperm cell nucleus (23 chromosome) and contain acrosome
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Acrosome
contains enzyme that assist in penetration of egg during fertilization
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Body of spermatozoa
large number of mitochondria to produce ATP for movement
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Tail
(flagellum) propel sperm, made of microtubules
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Semen consists of
sperm, testicular fluid and accessory gland secreteions
38
Semen
acts as a transport medium, nutrients and protection sperm. slightly alkaline (pH is 7.3-7.7)
39
Female reproductive system composed of
- ovaries
- uterine
- uterus
- vagina
40
Ovaries
(gonads) located in pelvic cavity on sides of uterus
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4 layers of ovaries
- superficial/germinal epithelium (simple cuboidal)
- tunica albuginea (dense irregular CT)
- ovarian cortex
- ovarian medulla
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Ovarian cortex contains
ovarian follicles and CT, follicles = layers of cells surrounding immature egg
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Ovarian medulla
centre area. blood and lymph vessels, nerves and CT
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Membranes that support the ovary include
- ovarian ligament
- suspensory ligament
- mesovarium
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Ovarian ligament
to uterus
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Suspensory ligament
to pelvic wall
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Mesovarium
suspends the ovary between the uterus and pelvic wall
48
Suspensory and mesovarium =
broad ligament. tents over the uterus supporting the uterine tubes, uterus and vagina (from parietal peritoneum)
49
3 sections of uterine (fallopian) tubes
- infundibulum
- ampulla
- isthmus
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Infundibulum
suspended over ovary, has finger like projections (fimbriae)
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Ampulla
middle, fertilization occurs here
52
Isthmus
connects to uterus
53
Histology of uterine tubes
- mucosa
- muscilaris externa
- serous membrane
54
Mucosa of uterine tubes
ciliated simple columnar epithelium, cilia moves oocyte along. also contains non-ciliated columnar epithelial cells (peg cells) which have microvilli that secretes nutrient fluid
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Muscularis externa of uterine tubes
smooth muscle that help movement (rhythmic contractions)
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Serous membrane of uterine tubes
visceral peritoneum. adventitia
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Uterus is a ____ organ
hollow
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3 parts of the uterus
- fundus
- body
- cervix
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Fundus of uterus
higher than the fallopian tubes
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Body of uterus
Main portion, has space within (uterine cavity)
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Cervix of uterus
inferior, narrow portion that opens into the vagina
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Supportive membranes of the uterus
- broad ligaments (parietal peritoneum. suspends uterus laterally)
- round ligaments
- uterosacral ligaments
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Round ligaments
fibrous CT, attach uterus to anterior wall
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Uterosacral ligaments
peritoneum, attach to sacrum
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3 layers of histology of uterus
- outer peritoneum
- myometrium
- endometrium
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Peritoneum of uterus
outer layer, visceral peritoneum (simple squamous epithelium). serous membrane
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Myometrium of uterus
3 layers smooth muscle (muscularis externa)
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Endometrium of uterus
mucous membrane, contains endometrial glands and thick lamina propria CT. simple columnar epithelium
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2 layers of endometrium of uterus
- stratum functionalis
| - stratum basalis
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Stratum functionalis
nearest to the uterine cavity, shed monthly (menstruation)
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Stratum basalis
permanent, undegoes mitosis to replace functionalis (mitosis)
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Vagina functions as..
birth canal, passageway for sperm and menstrual flow
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Histology of vagina
- mucosa
- muscularis externa
- adventitia
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Mucosa of vagina
stratified squamous epithelium and CT, rugae to stimulate the penis and allow for expansion of vaginal cavity
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Muscularis external of vagina
2 layers of smooth muscle. stretched during childbirth and sex
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Adventitia of vagina
areolar CT layer
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Oogenesis
female gamete production within ovarian follicles
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1 primary oocyte forms..
1 ovum and 2 polar bodies
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Polar bodies
discarded nuclear material
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1st oogonia appears in females 11 weeks post fertilization
undergo mitosis (2n cells) and differentiate into primary oocytes (2n cells)
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Total number of oocytes present in females
2 million primary ones at birth in the ovaries and new ones are never formed
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Primary oocytes surrounded by
a follicle which protects and supports
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Primary oocyte enter into meiosis 1 and ..
wait in prophase 1 until puberty, then one will undergo meiosis 1 per month ( produces 1 secondary oocyte and one polar body) FSH needed for this development
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Secondary oocytes (n)
begin meiosis 11 and stop in metaphase 11 which is what's released during ovulation each month (enough for 500 ovulations in a lifetime)
85
Fertilization
- takes 24 hours
- begins w fusion of sperm and secondary oocyte
- once fusion occurs the secondary oocyte undergoes meiosis 11 forming the ovum
- nuclei of spem and ovum fuse following the completion of meiosis 11 generating the zygote
86
Ovarian follicles located in the cortex of the ovary
- primodual follicle
- primary follicle
- secondary follicle
- graafian follicles
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Primordial follicles
present in ovary at birth. primary oocyte is surrounded by a single layer of flat follicular cells
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Primary follicles
- stratified layer of cells.
- single layer called granulosa proliferates under influence of FSH forming zone pellucida around oocyte
- surrounding tissue forms from theca cells
- contains primary oocyte
89
Secondary follicle
located in ovaries during puberty, primary oocyte undergo meiosis 1 becoming secondary oocyte at puberty. granulose and theca cells being secreting estrogen
90
Graafian follicles (mature secondary follicles) consist of
- antrum
| - corona radiata
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Antrum
small fluid filled sacs merge forming a fluid filled cavity in the follicle (moves closer to the ovary surface)
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Corona radiata
layer of the granulosa cells that immediately surround the oocyte (will be ovulated)
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Rising levels of estrogen produced by the follicle trigger an increase in leutinizing hormone (LH) which ..
trigger the completion of meiosis 1 generating a secondary oocyte (arrests at the beginning of metaphase 11)
94
LH surge also triggers ..
- ovulation.
- graafian follicle bursts and releases the secondary oocyte into the peritoneal cavity
- ovulated oocyte consists of the oocyte, the song pellucida and corona radiata
95
Corpus luteum
graafian follicle that remains after ovulation (centre fills w blood and clots) functions to produce estrogen and progesterone
96
Corpus luteum forms
proliferation of the granulosa and theca cells
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If no pregnancy corpus luteum degenerates into ...
corpus albicans
98
Corpus albicans
when corpus luteum isn't fertilized and disintegrates and estrogen and progesterone secretion halts
99
Mammary gland
1 per breast, modified sudoriferous glands that produces milk
100
Small compartments of mammary gland called
lobules
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Lobules contains..
glands called alveoli that open via lactiferous duct at nipple
102
Breast lie over top of the..
pectorals major and serrates anterior muscles
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Each breast is attached to the ..
epimysium of muscle below by suspensory ligaments called coopers ligaments
104
Male ejaculatory duct
formed from inion of vas deferent and duct from the seminal vesicle
105
How much semen is released upon ejaculation
2.5-5.0 mL (50-150 million sperm per mL)
106
External genitalia of vagina
- labia majora is same origin as scrotum in male
- labia minora is same origin as penis in male
- clitoris is same origin as erectile tissue of penis
