Digestive System Flashcards
(334 cards)
1
Q
What anatomy makes up the mouth?
A
jaws, lips, tongue, palates, cheeks and teeth
2
Q
What is the soft palate like in brachycephalic dogs or cats?
A
elongated or just in the way
3
Q
What is the soft palate like in horses?
A
long soft palate normally placed ventral to epiglottis
4
Q
Lymphoid tissues
A
tonsils
5
Q
What do lymphoid tissues do?
A
monitor what goes in and try to protect
6
Q
What do pigs have that allows pills and stomach tubes to get caught?
A
diverticulum
7
Q
Where is the esophagus located?
A
dorsal to trachea
8
Q
IV injections are made on the right side of the neck in the horse why?
A
because the esophagus is located on the left side of the neck
9
Q
What two types of stomachs are there?
A
Simple stomach and Abomasum
10
Q
What type of animals have simple stomachs?
A
nonruminants
11
Q
What time of animals have abomasum?
A
ruminants
12
Q
The small intestine contains what?
A
duodenum, jejunum and ileum
13
Q
Where are some accessory glands located?
A
salivary glands, liver, and pancreas
14
Q
What are some non ruminants?
A
dog, cat, and horses
15
Q
What are functions of the teeth?
A
Prehension and Mastication
16
Q
Prehension
A
grasping and slicing
17
Q
what teeth are responsible for prehension?
A
incisors and canines
18
Q
Mastication
A
grinding and chewing
19
Q
What teeth are responsible for mastication?
A
molars and premolars
20
Q
Mammals typically exhibit heterodonty except what?
A
sharks
21
Q
heterodonty
A
various types of teeth specialized for different aspects of prehension and mastication
22
Q
Scapanorhynchus
A
teeth appear to have crown, root, and neck of brachyodont tooth
23
Q
how tall are Megalodon teeth?
A
0.5 in to 7 in in height
24
Q
What types of teeth are there?
A
Brachyodont, Radicular Hypsodont, and Radicular Hypsodont
25
Brachyodont teeth
form and fully erupt
26
Brachyodont teeth occur in most what?
mammals
27
Radicular Hypsodont teeth
Grows until it forms a root
28
Radicular Hypsodont teeth only occur in what animal?
Horses
29
Radicular Hypsodont tooth is close rooted, meaning?
no new dental tissue created after root formation
30
Aradicular Hypsodont teeth
continuously erupting, never forms a root
31
Aradicular Hypsodont teeth are open rooted, meaning?
new dental tissues continue to form for the life of the animal as tooth erupts
32
What are some examples of Aradicular Hypsodont teeth?
Pig tusks, Rodent and rabbits; incisors and cheek teeth for some
33
What happens of the incisors and causes a continuous growth ?
Malocclusion
34
What can continuous growth of cheek teeth result in?
entrapment of tongue if arcades not aligned for wear
35
Which animals cheek teeth are brachyodont?
rats, mice, gerbils, and hamsters?
36
In animals whose teeth are brachyodont incisors are what?
aradicular hypsodont- so they grow forever
37
Which animals teeth are open rooted?
Guinea pigs, chinchillas, and rabbits
38
Crown
above gum
39
root
below gum
40
the crown and root are located in socket of bone called what?
alveolus
41
What are crowns and roots attached by?
periodontinum
42
neck
at gum line
43
dentin
main mass of the tooth
44
enamel
covers the dentin (hardest substance in body)
45
Enamel is irreplaceable because?
the ameloblasts that form enamel are lost following formation of the tooth
46
Cementum
Covers the root of brachyodont, extends root to crown in hypsodont
47
pulp
blood and nerve supply located in the dental cavity within the dentin
48
Occlusal surface
grinding surface, when contact opposing arcade come into wear
49
wear patterns are used to facilitate what?
aging of older animals
50
Medial surface
closer to the center of the arcade
51
distal surface
away from the center of the arcade
52
buccal surface
toward cheek
53
Labial surface
front of mouth
54
upper arcade
teeth in upper jaw
55
lower arcade
teeth in lower jaw
56
"when contacting the opposing arcade" means?
when the upper teeth contact the lower teeth and vice versa
57
Lingual surface
inner surface on lower arcade
58
palatal surface
inner surface on upper arcade
59
Maxillary arcade
upper arcade, also includes incisive bone
60
Mandibular arcade
lower arcade
61
diastema
gap in arch between the incisors and the cheek teeth
62
diphyodont
develop a set of deciduous teeth that fall out and are replaced with permanent teeth
63
All domestic animals are what?
diphyodont
64
other terms for deciduous teeth
baby teeth and milk teeth
65
erupt
growing teeth emerge from gums
66
Consisting times of eruption of teeth permit accurate what?
aging of young animals
67
Tall straight crown, no discernible neck, slowly erupting, incisors of horse, rodent, cheek teeth horse, some rodents are all anatomy of what?
hypsodont
68
crown, neck, ruminant incisors, dog and cat teeth, check teeth in rat, mouse, gerbil, hamster are all anatomy of what?
brachyodont
69
Incisors
front teeth
70
incisors have how many roots?
1
71
what animal lacks incisors?
cattle
72
what do cows have instead of incisors?
dense, keratinized dental pad
73
Llamas have what in their upper arcade?
dental pad and incisor 3
74
what is the llamas incisor 3 used for?
fighting
75
Central incisors
I1
76
Intermediate incisors
I2
77
Canine teeth
eyeteeth, bridle teeth, tusks
78
How many roots does the canine have?
1
79
Which animals lack canines?
cattle and sheep
80
In what animals can canines be well developed?
male horses
81
Canines are large in what animals?
pigs, especially boars
82
Premolars
cheek teeth
83
how many roots do premolars have?
1-3
84
First premolar is often absent in what animal?
horse
85
In horses the first premolar is smaller than others, if called what?
wolf tooth
86
When do premolars typically erupt in horses?
6 months
87
when are premolars shed in horses?
2 1/2 years
88
Upper arcade contains which premolars?
PM1 and PM2
89
Lower arcade contains which premolars?
PM2
90
premolars are missing from the lower arcade in which animal?
cats
91
Molars
Cheek teeth
92
how many roots does a molar have?
1-3
93
which teeth have no precursor deciduous teeth?
molars
94
Carnassial
lower 1st molar
95
How many deciduous teeth do dogs have?
28
96
How many deciduous teeth do cats have?
26
97
How many deciduous teeth do horses have?
24
98
How many deciduous teeth do cattle have?
20
99
How many permanent teeth do dogs have?
42
100
How many permanent teeth do cats have?
30
101
how many permanent teeth do horses have?
40-42
102
How many permanent teeth do cattle have?
32
103
What is a dental formula?
a written formula for the types of teeth each animal has
104
Formula for Permanent teeth
I, C, P, (or PM), M
105
Formula for Deciduous teeth
Di, Dc, Dp, Dm
106
What does information within parentheses represent?
one side of the mouth, upper and lower
107
What happens to the information in parentheses in the formula?
it is multiplied by 2
108
What is the deciduous dental formula for dog?
2(Di 3/3 Dc 1/1 Dp 3/3)= 28
109
What is the deciduous dental formula for cat?
2(Di 3/3 Dc 1/1 Dp 3/2)= 26
110
What is the deciduous dental formula for pig?
2(Di 3/3 Dc 1/1 Dp 4/4)= 32
111
What is the deciduous dental formula for horse?
2(Di 3/3 Dc 0/0 Dp 3/3)= 24
112
What is the deciduous dental formula for cow?
2(Di 0/4 Dc 0/0 Dp 3/3)= 20
113
What is the permanent dental formula for dog?
2(I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 2/3)= 42
114
What is the permanent dental formula for cat?
2(I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3/2 M 1/1)= 30
115
What is the permanent dental formula for pig?
2(I 3/3 C 1/1 P 4/4 M 3/3)= 44
116
What is the permanent dental formula for horse?
2(I 3/3 C 1/1 P 3-4/3 M 3/3)= 40-42
117
What is the permanent dental formula for horse?
2(I 0/4 C 0/0 P 3/3 M 3/3)= 32
118
What age do permanent canines erupt in dogs and cats?
4-6 months
119
What age do central incisors erupt in cattle?
1 1/2-2 years
120
What age does the 1st intermediate incisors erupt in cattle?
2-2 1/2 years
121
What age does the 2nd intermediate incisors erupt in cattle?
3 years
122
What age does the 3rd intermediate incisors erupt in cattle?
3 1/2-4 years
123
What age do permanent molars erupt in feedlot cattle?
M1 5-6 months
| M2 1-1 1/2 years
124
What age do permanent central incisors erupt in horses?
2 1/2 years
125
What age does the permanent 1st intermediate incisor erupt in horses?
3 1/2 years
126
What age does the permanent 2nd intermediate incisor erupt in horses?
4 1/2 years
127
Where are "hooks" located in horses?
lateral edge of upper corner incisor
128
What age do hooks appear in horses?
7 years
129
"Capped" teeth occur in what animal?
horses
130
What are "Capped" teeth?
shell of deciduous tooth remains on top of adult tooth
131
"Retained deciduous teeth" occurs especially in what animals?
dogs and cats
132
What does "retained deciduous teeth" cause?
malposition of erupting permanent teeth and resultant rubbing causes damage to permanent teeth
133
What kind of dental care do dogs and cats require?
daily brushing
134
How often should dogs and cats get dental scaling?
1-2 times yearly
135
What kind of dental care do horses require?
float teeth to remove points
136
Where do points occur in horses?
on upper outer and lower inner surfaces
137
What do points do to horses?
lacerate cheeks and tongue making eating painful
138
non ruminants are...?
simple stomached animals
139
What kind of stomachs do non ruminants have?
glandular stomachs
140
What are cardia and pylorus?
sphincters to control passage of food in and out
141
What happens when duodenum full?
it holds pylorus closed until there is room for more food to pass to it from the stomach
142
What do glands produce?
mucus, enzymes or enzyme precursors, HCl
143
What does mucus do?
protects surfaces from acid
144
What do enzymes do?
begin fat and protein digestion in the stomach
145
What does HCl do?
kills bacteria and activates the enzyme precursors
146
What does the inner stomach look like?
smooth, slimy, rural folds
147
ruminants are...
single stomach with multiple comparts
148
True glandular stomach is preceded by what?
3 diverticulae of esophagus
149
what do we call the 3 diverticulae of esophagus?
stomachs or forestomachs
150
What are the fore stomachs of the ruminant lined with?
stratified squamous epithelium
151
Do the fore stomachs have glands?
no
152
Cellulose containing food is soaked, digested by what?
microorganisms in the forestomachs
153
Nursing animals have what to bypass the fore stomachs?
esophageal groove
154
having an esophageal groove to bypass the fore stomachs occurs naturally by what?
sucking reflex
155
What happens to nursing animals when they don't have the sucking reflex?
it may place milk in the rumen by mistake
156
What happens to nursing animals when the milk is accidentally placed in the rumen?
it sours because there is no way for it to be digested
157
What does the animal not receive when the milk sours in the rumen?
nourishment
158
What are the 3 fore stomachs?
reticulum, rumen, omasum
159
What does the reticulum look like?
a honeycomb
160
What happens to food in the 3 fore stomachs?
it mixes back and forth between the reticulum and the rumen before passing into the omasum and then on to the abomasum
161
what is the abomasum?
true stomach
162
Where is the reticulum located?
on left side, next to heart
163
What is the surface of the reticulum covered with?
intersecting ridges making small boxes
164
What drops into the reticulum?
hardware
165
What occurs when wire, nails, etc penetrates diaphragm, pericardium and the heart in the reticulum?
"hardware disease"
166
Where is the rumen located?
behind reticulum
167
At what rate does the rumen contract?
4x/min to mix food
168
Dorsal surface of rumen is what?
smooth
169
ventral surface of rumen is what?
papillae covered
170
What lives in the rumen?
bacteria
171
what does the rumen do?
digest cellulose
172
What does a cow do with its food?
re-chews food, re-salivates the food, re-swallows
173
what do microbes produce once the cow re-chews, re-salivates, and re-swallows its food?
volatile fatty acids, water-soluble vitamins, more microbes
174
What does the omasum look like?
spherical
175
Where is the omasum located?
to the right of rumen/reticulum
176
What do the "leaves" of the omasum do?
fill the inside of the sphere, grinds food, squeeze out water from food as it passed to the abomasum
177
Where is the abomasum located?
on right side and ventral to omasum
178
What does the abomasum resemble?
non ruminant stomach
179
What does the inner abomasum look like?
smooth, slimy, rural folds
180
What jobs does the abomasum perform?
the same jobs as non ruminant stomach, i.e. begins fat and protein digestion
181
What three structures to replace teeth and stomach do chickens utilize?
Ingluvius, Proventriculus, Ventriculus
182
Ingluvius
crop
183
Proventriculus
glandular stomach
184
Ventriculus
gizzard
185
What does the ingluvius do?
stores food, soaks food
186
What does the Proventriculus have?
enzymes for digesion
187
What does the Ventriculus do?
provides the muscular component for mixing food and breakdown of food, contains grit to grind food
188
What are the major jobs of the small intestine?
digestion and absorption
189
The small intestine is lined with cells that produce what?
music, amylase, enzymes to activate secreted precursor enzymes
190
Duodenum
1st part of small intestine
191
What is the duodenum also called?
short mesentery
192
jejunum
coils
193
What is the jejunum also called?
long mesentery, gathered skirt
194
Ileum
before cecum
195
What is peristalsis?
muscle contractions that move food along
196
What is important for absorption as they increase the surface area for absorption?
villi
197
what destroys villi and causes diarrhea?
viruses
198
Parvovirus destroys what?
crypt cells
199
Coronavirus and TGE destroys what?
tips of villi
200
in what animals does parvovirus occur?
dogs and cats
201
What animals does coronavirus occur?
dogs
202
What is TGE?
a coronavirus of pigs
203
What delivers substances to major, minor duoendal papilla on intestinal wall where it empties
pancreas
204
Amylase
carbohydrate digestion
205
lipase
fat digestion
206
protein digest
protein digestion
207
bicarbonate ion
to establish pH 8
208
what is pH 8 best for?
transport, absorption and enzyme action in intestine
209
Liver delivers what?
bile
210
where does the liver deliver bile?
major duodenal papilla
211
where is bile emptied?
the small intestine
212
What are some major jobs of the large intestine?
secrete mucus, water absorption, distention at rectum causes defecation
213
in the horse, cellulose digestion resulting in production of fermentation and volatile fatty acids occurs where?
in the cecum and ascending colon
214
Fatty acids occurring in the cecum and ascending colon in the horse are absorbed in the remaining colon and provides what?
an important energy source to the horse
215
Basic parts of the large intestine
cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon
216
In the cow and pig the ascending colon is also called what?
ansa spiralis or spiral colon
217
the pig has the same name for ascending colon but it is differently shaped
cone-shaped
218
What is the cecum like in the horse?
large, extends from pelvis to sternum on the midline
219
how else is the cecum like in the horse?
sacculated and has fibrous bands along it
220
sacculated means?
pouches, out pocketing
221
what is another name for ascending colon?
large colon
222
What are the parts of the ascending colon on the horse?
right ventral colon, sternal flexure, left ventral colon, pelvic flexure, left dorsal colon, diaphragmatic flexure, right dorsal colon
223
Where is the right ventral colon?
pelvis to sternum on right side
224
Where is the sternal flexure located?
"u" turn at sternum
225
Where is the left ventral colon located?
sternum to pelvis on left side
226
Where is the pelvic flexure located?
narrow "u" turn at pelvis inlet
227
What occurs at the pelvic flexure?
impactions
228
Where is the dorsal colon located?
pelvis to sternum
229
Where is the diaphragmatic flexure located?
"u" turn at the diaphragm
230
Where is the right dorsal colon located?
sternum to pelvis on right side
231
What are other names for descending colon?
small colon or floating colon
232
Where is the descending colon located?
caudal abdomen
233
What are the 4 main salivary glands?
Parotid, Zygomatic, Mandibular, Sublingual
234
Where is the parotid gland located?
ventral to the ear
235
What does the parotid gland empty?
near upper 4th PM
236
Where is the zygomatic gland located?
above upper molars
237
Where does the zygomatic gland empty?
near upper 4th PM
238
Where is the Mandibular gland located?
ventral to the parotid salivary gland
239
Where does the Mandibular gland empty?
sublingual at frenulum
240
Where is the sublingual gland located?
cranial and medial to mandibular salivary gland and runs along the lower jaw
241
Where does the sublingual gland empty?
sublingual at frenulum
242
Ducts carry what to the mouth from the glands?
saliva
243
When salivary glands rupture they can result in a painful cyst called?
ranula
244
Where do ranula often occur?
under the tongue
245
Secretions in animals have very little what?
enzymes
246
serous
proved fluid and neutralize acid
247
mucous
protects surfaces of mucous membranes within the GI from acids used in digestion
248
Where is the pancreas located?
ventral to stomach and along descending duodenum
249
What is the function of the pancreas?
exocrine ad endocrine
250
Exocrine
into the duodenum
251
Endocrine
into the blood
252
Beta cells produce what to put glucose into cells and decrease glucose blood levels
insulin
253
alpha cells produce what which acts on the liver to transform stored glycogen into glucose and increase glucose blood levels
glucagon
254
Where is the liver located?
just caudal to the diaphragm
255
What does the liver look like?
several lobes, red-brown color with speckled surface because of its structural units called lobules/ triads
256
triad
blood vessels, bile duct, lymphatic
257
Blood supply is from the ______ AND _______
portal vein AND hepatic artery
258
Blood from the portal vein and hepatic artery flows into each liver lobule and does what?
mixes together in the sinusoids
259
when the blood from the liver mixes in the sinusoids it allows the liver cells to do what?
process components of the blood, both nutrients and waste
260
What also flows into the liver lobule?
lymph
261
blood flows out of each liver lobule to the central vein and hen to the hepatic vein and on to the what?
vena cava and then to the heart
262
sinusoid
dilated channel
263
in the liver what flows out from each lobule through small bile ducts which join to larger ducts
bile
264
what is a place to store bile?
gall bladder
265
which animal does not have a gall bladder?
horse
266
the gall bladder empties when the animal eats and bile flows where through the bile duct?
duodenum
267
when does bile production increase?
when the animal eats
268
bile is important in what?
digestion of fat
269
emulsifies fat
breaks it into small pieces
270
what are the livers functions?
bile production, protective, biotransformation, synthesis, storage
271
bile production is made from what?
cholesterol
272
bile production does what?
emulsifies fat in food
273
What is the largest part of the RES system?
protective
274
biotransformation does what?
detoxify
275
changes drugs, toxins, products of daily metabolism is the jobs of what?
biotransformation
276
If liver sees same toxin over and over this causes increase in enzyme systems to deal with that specific toxin is called what?
enzyme induction
277
enzyme induction happen especially with what?
barbiturates
278
bilirubin
the breakdown product of hemoglobin pigment "biliverdin
279
bilirubin is conjugated and excreted in what?
bile
280
bright red feces
lower GI bleeding
281
black, tarry feces
upper GI bleeding
282
Meconium
first stool of newborn
283
"coffee grounds" in vomit
digested blood
284
What does synthesis do?
processes food to produce glucose
285
what is excess glucose stored as?
glycogen
286
Processes store what to produce glucose if needed?
carbohydrate, fat, protein
287
what plasma proteins does synthesis make?
albumin and clotting factors
288
liver makes what as a late product of protein metabolism?
urea
289
which organ is the second largest carbohydrate reserve in the body?
liver
290
which is the main organ for iron storage?
liver
291
which organ stores vitamin A, D, E, K?
liver
292
how is the liver reserve capacity good?
lots can go wrong and the animal can still function
293
how is the liver reserve capacity bad?
once signs show, the animal may be a precarious situation with little extra reserve to call upon in times of stress
294
can the liver regenerate?
yes
295
can a lobe-sized piece used as a liver transplant grow to normal size?
yes
296
how long does it take a donor to regenerate liver mass lost?
couple of weeks
297
Where does digestion begin?
in the stomach
298
Where is food digested and absorbed in simple stomached animals?
small intestine
299
which part of the small intestine secretes sodium bicarbonate to correct acid of stomach contents as it arrives?
the duodenum
300
which part of the mall intestine is carbohydrate digestion performed of dogs and cats?
the duodenum
301
Where is water absorbed?
the large intestine
302
what does distention of the rectum cause?
defecation
303
in which mammals does food stay longer in fore stomachs for microbe digestion, regurgitation, re-mastication, re-insalivation, and re-swallowing and more microbe digestion?
ruminants
304
in what animal does cecum and ascending colon act as a rumen?
horses
305
What are some volatile fatty acids?
acetic acid, butyric acid, propionic acid
306
what comes from the volatile fatty acids in the situation in which other animals use glucose?
energy consumption of ruminants/horses
307
Metabolism
SUM of all energy processes in body.
308
What is metabolism governed by?
hormones
309
anabolism
building and maintaining body tissue and storing energy
310
catabolism
breaking down substances, releasing energy by breaking down ATP high energy bonds
311
basal metabolic rate
related to body surface.
312
what is needed in basal metabolic rate to maintain body at complete rest?
calories
313
all foods break down differently but eventually reach what?
krebs cycle
314
in the Krebs cycle down means what?
glucose is used to produce ATP
315
in the Krebs cycle up means what?
excess foods are stored as glycogen, fats or proteins
316
Metabolism of fats, carbohydrates and proteins is what?
intertwined
317
in metabolism carbohydrates are?
primary energy source
318
What can the liver make from fats and proteins?
glucose
319
what is it called when the liver makes glucose?
gluconeogenesis
320
gluconeogenesis occurs when?
glycogen stores are gone or no glucose entering cells
321
what are the 2 primary glycogen storage depots?
muscle and liver
322
when diet intake is ________, glycogen is source for food until it is gone
inadequate
323
when there is no or low insulin blood glucose would be increased in this case as liver would build glucose levels from fats and proteins but the body has no insulin to move the glucose into the cell, what disease is this?
diabetes mellitus
324
fats and proteins can be what?
energy sources
325
what does liver use fats and proteins for?
to produce glucose for energy
326
fats= _____
stored potential energy
327
by-product of fat metabolism is what?
ketones
328
too much ketone production does what to the animal?
makes them sick
329
high producing dairy cows will mobilize fats and readily available fats acids cause what?
ketosis
330
order of preference for energy sources
glucose(carbohydrate), fat, protein
331
high protein diets encourage the body to use what?
carbohydrate and then fat
332
cancer cells prefer what?
carbohydrate
333
cancer diets are high in what?
fat and protein
334
why are cancer diets high in fat and protein?
to starve the cancer cells by denying them carbohydrate
