Urinary System Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
What gross anatomy does the urinary system contain?
A
Kidneys, Bladder, Urethra, Renal Artery/vein, and Ureter
2
Q
Where are the kidneys located?
A
retroperitoneal, near/ under last rib in dorsal abdomen
3
Q
What does retroperitoneal mean?
A
behind peritoneum
4
Q
What are the kidneys generally shaped like?
A
bean-shaped
5
Q
What are kidneys shaped like in the horse?
A
Right is heart shaped
6
Q
What are the kidneys shaped like in cows?
A
lobulated
7
Q
What are the kidneys shaped like in cats?
A
slightly lobulated, still bean-shaped
8
Q
What are the kidneys shaped like in chickens?
A
spread out along lumbosacral area
9
Q
Where is the ureter located?
A
from the kidney to the bladder
10
Q
Where does the ureter enter?
A
the bladder wall
11
Q
What is a full bladder shaped like?
A
balloon-like
12
Q
What is an empty bladder shaped like?
A
walnut sized with thick tissue w/ rugae
13
Q
What parts does the bladder have?
A
Fundus(apex), body, neck, trigone
14
Q
Fundus
A
free rounded cranial portion
15
Q
Trigone
A
area of ureteral orifices and bladder sphincter
16
Q
What is the Trigone shaped like?
A
triangular
17
Q
What allows bladder to stretch and expand gradually to hold large volumes
A
Transitional epithelium and smooth muscle
18
Q
What stimulates spinal reflex at L6-L7 to contract and empty bladder, relax smooth muscle sphincter?
A
Increased pressure within bladder
19
Q
When an animal has a spinal cord injury what does that mean?
A
incontinence or failure to empty
20
Q
What can incontinence cause?
A
urine scald on the skin
21
Q
What does incontinence mean?
A
leakage
22
Q
Where is the urethra located?
A
from bladder to the outside
23
Q
What is different in the female urethra?
A
it is wider and shorter
24
Q
Are males or female more prone to infection ascending to bladder?
A
females
25
What varies in the urethra especially in males?
length, path
26
Many species have in their urethra?
sigmoid flexure, "s" shaped curve
27
What can lodge in the sigmoid flexure of the urethra?
calculi, stones
28
What is the general function of the urinary system?
excrete waste and maintain homeokinesis
29
1/4 total circulating blood is in what organ at any given time?
kidney
30
filtering blood, removing excess components and plasma waste products for excretion, selectively reabsorbing water and useful compounds from filtrate back into the blood for body use are all steps in doing what?
Excreting waste and maintaining homeokinesis in the urinary system
31
What 4 big functions do kidneys serve?
Regulates water balance, Regulates electrolyte levels, Role in RBC production, Eliminates waste
32
How do kidneys regulate water balance?
conserve or remove excess
33
What ions are involved in regulating electrolyte levels?
pH, Na+, K+
34
What does regulation of electrolyte levels affect?
osmotic pressure
35
What is the biggest osmotic pressure factor and should not be lost from a normal kidney as the sieve holes are small?
large proteins
36
What role do the kidneys have in RBC production?
kidney makes the hormone erythropoietin in response to reduced oxygen
37
How do kidneys eliminate waste?
alters concentration of many plasma substances, filters out smaller molecules, selectively eliminates some waste
38
How are the 4 big functions of the kidney accomplished?
by the Nephron
39
What is the Nephron?
the functional unit of the kidney
40
How many nephrons does each kidney contain in dogs?
500,000
41
How many nephrons does each kidney contain in cattle?
4 million
42
What percent of the nephrons can function at any given time?
25%
43
>75% of nephrons can be what before an animal shows symptoms?
nonfunctioning
44
>70% function gone is considered to be what?
late stage kidney disease
45
What is good with kidney damage?
there is plenty of reserve, some damage is not a big problem
46
What is bad with kidney damage?
by the time symptoms occur, there is not much functional kidney left
47
Na+ does what?
promotes water retention
48
Na+ is a factor in what?
high blood pressure, congestive heart failure
49
Diuretics function by doing what?
removing Na and water follows
50
K+ high or low can do what?
be a problem
51
What does destruction of adrenal cortex cause what in K+ which are life threatening?
elevations
52
When elevations occur what may also occur?
bradycardia LIFE THREATENING
53
What is Addison's disease?
Acute and Chronic Renal Failure
54
What can Addison's Disease also be called?
Hypoadrenocorticism
55
What can unregulated secretion of aldosterone by adrenal tumor cause in plasma K+ which are life threatening?
reductions
56
When reductions occur what can also occur?
tachycardia, arrhythmias
57
What can the Capsule do in a healthy kidney?
peel off easily without sticking to the cortex
58
What does the Cortex in a kidney look like?
granular appearance
59
What is located in the Cortex of the kidney?
Glomeruli
60
What are Glomeruli?
Beginning of the nephron
61
What does the Medulla look like in the kidney?
striated
62
What is located in the Medulla of the kidney?
collecting tubules and loops of henle
63
What is the Renal Crest of the kidney?
ridge of tissue
64
What happens in the Renal Crest of the kidney?
Urine drips off out of tubes to collect in the renal pelvis
65
What is the Renal Pelvis of the kidney?
Expanded end of ureter
66
What happens in the Renal Pelvis of the kidney?
Urine collects enter the ureter and travels to the bladder
67
What is a Arterial capillary tuft in the Glomerulus?
the filter
68
What happens with the arterial capillary tuft in the Glomerulus?
small particles pass through into the capsule and tubules. Large particles remain in the blood
69
With glomerular disease the body loses what?
large proteins
70
What does the loss of large proteins cause in glomerular disease?
proteinuria
71
Where is the Glomerular capsule located?
expanded end of proximal convoluted tubule
72
What does the Glomerular capsule do?
catches filtrate (urine)
73
What parts of the urinary system is responsible for selective secretion/reabsorption of waste, water, etc?
Proximal convoluted tubule, Loop of Henle, Distal Convoluted Tubule
74
Join other tubules and become ducts and transporting renal filtrate to the pelvis of the kidney, are the jobs of what part of the urinary system?
Collecting Tubules
75
What happens in the Glomerulus?
blood filters through spaces between the cells of the capillary tuft
76
What does the Glomerulus act like?
a sieve
77
What kind of particles may pass through the Glomerulus?
Particles up to a certain size
78
What is Glomerular Filtration Rate?
rate at which fluid and constituents leave the blood and become filtrate
79
GFR depends on what?
Composition of blood and Arterial blood pressure
80
Increased arterial pressure means what?
increased filtrate
81
Decreased arterial pressure means what?
decreased filtrate
82
Proteins holds things ___ blood like a magnet
in
83
Osmotic pressure holds __ blood
in
84
Creatinine is a measure of what?
GFR
85
Creatinine
blood test
86
BUN
Blood Urea Nitrogen
87
If dehydrated decrease in blood flow does what to BUN?
increases
88
What is constant in Creatinine?
plasma concentration and daily excretion
89
Creatinine increases when what decreases?
number of functional nephrons
90
What is Urea?
by-product protein metabolism eliminated by the kidney
91
Amount of urea fluctuates with what?
diet
92
What is used to check renal function?
urea
93
What increases BUN when kidneys are fine?
dehydration with decreased blood flow to kidneys
94
What is an ERD?
urine test
95
ERD
Early Renal Disease Test
96
What does ERD identify?
small amounts of albumin in the urine
97
What is a large protein that should not pass through the glomerulus unless the glomerulus has developed large holes?
Albumin
98
What is interpretation?
very early indicator of kidney disease RISK
OR
May indicate LUID
99
LUID
Lower Urinary Tract Disease
100
With inflammation in LUID what happens?
proteins leak into urine
101
After the blood has passed through the glomerulus, the resulting filtrates....?
without RBC, very little protein, contains glucose, small amount of urea, isotonic
102
What does the proximal convoluted tubule reabsorb?
all glucose, 7/8 of NaCL, H20, Bicarbonate, Protein
103
After passing through the proximal convoluted tubule, the resulting filtrate...?
decreased volume, no glucose, excess electrolytes, wastes, no amino acids
104
In the presence of Aldosterone, more what is reabsorbed and is followed by water resulting in a more concentrated urine
Na+
105
Where is the Loop of Henle located?
Extends into medulla of kidney
106
What does the loop of henle do?
major fine tuning of filtrate
107
In the loop of henle, tissue fluid concentration does what as it goes deeper into the kidney
increases
108
What is it called when tissue fluid concentration increases as it goes deeper into the kidney?
concentration gradient
109
What does concentration gradient help with?
helps pull water out of tubule and into tissues, helps concentrate urine
110
After passing through the loop of henle, the resulting filtrate is?
excess components not needed by body, hypertonic, decreased volume by 5%
111
What hormone is present after passing through the loop of henle that causes more decrease in volume over and above 5%?
Aldosterone
112
What does aldersterone do?
conserves Na+ for the body and water follows into the blood with Na+
113
Where does aldersterone come from?
adrenal glands
114
Fine tuning electrolytes and water absorption in some species with the hormone ADH are the functions of what?
distal convoluted tubule
115
ADH
antidiuretic hormone
116
What can ADH also be called?
vasopressin
117
What is ADH?
a water conserving hormone
118
Where does ADH come from?
pituitary
119
Resulting filtrate in distal convoluted tubule is what?
electrolytes the body doesn't need, may be more concentrated if ADH present
120
Collecting tubules do what?
more fine tuning, water absorption if ADH present, transports to pelvis and ureter
121
What is the resulting filtrate in collecting tubules?
excess items body doesn't need, may be more concentrated if ADH present
122
Increased osmotic pressure at carotid arteries triggers release of what?
ADH
123
ADH acts on what to increase water reabsorption?
collecting tubules
124
When ADH acts on collecting tubules what happens to urine and blood volumes?
urine will be more concentrated and blood volumes will increase
125
What is Aldosterone?
Na+ conserving hormone from adrenal gland
126
Diuresis means what?
increased quantity of urine
127
Water diuresis
drink a lot = increased urine volume
128
in water diuresis, washes out concentration gradient so resorption of water is decreased from the what?
loop of henle
129
In water diuresis, low blood osmotic pressure so what is not produced?
ADH
130
What is an example of osmotic diuresis?
diabete mellitus
131
In osmotic diuresis, increased glucose leaves the body and needs to be dissolves in water in order to what?
leave
132
Increase water loss =
increased urine volume
133
What is the rule of osmotic diuresis?
increase substance to be excreted must be in solution
134
Erythropoiesis means what?
RBC growth
135
Cells near glomerulus checks what?
O2 levels
136
Hypoxia triggers release of what hormone from the kidney?
Erythropoietin
137
Erythropoietin triggers what in bone marrow to increase RBC production?
stem cells
138
Increased RBC means what?
increased O2
139
Erythropoietin system stops when what happens?
O2 levels are adequate
140
What happens with kidney disease resulting in reduced ability to respond to low oxygen by releasing erythropoietin?
anemia
141
When could anemia happen?
renal disease, cardiac disease with concomitant renal disease
142
Renal refers to what?
kidney
143
Osmotic diuresis is due to what?
increased particles eliminated that need to be dissolved in water to leave
144
diuretic
drug that promotes Na+ loss
145
Some diuretics result in what?
K+ loss
146
Plasma clearance
degree to which any substance is removed from the plasma by the kidneys and excreted in the urine
147
which blood test is a good indicator of GFR?
creatinine
148
Nephritis
inflammation of the kidneys
149
Nephrosis
noninflammatory kidney disease
150
what does nephrosis frequently involve?
degeneration of the tubules resulting in albumin lost in the urine
151
Uremia
urine the blood
152
Azotemia
uremia
153
Urinary calculi or uroliths
stones
154
Where may stones develop?
renal pelvis or in bladder
155
what do stones do?
obstruct passage or urine
156
Urolithiasis
presence of stones
157
Hydronephrosis
obstruction of urine flow with back flow of urine
158
What does pressure in hydronephrosis cause?
dilation of the renal pelvis and destruction of kidney substance
159
Cystitis
inflammation of the bladder
160
Pyelitis
inflammation of the renal pelvis
161
Pyelonephritis
inflammation of the pelvis and kidney
162
Cystitis, Pyelitis, Pyelonephritis may ascend from what?
external environment or be carried by the blood stream
163
What is a cause of kidney infection?
bad teeth
164
What triggers cystitis in cats?
mineral content of food
