Special Senses

Question 1

what are special senses?

Answer 1

specialized nerve endings throughout body translate info into sensations

Question 2

sensations felt depends on what?

Answer 2

where signals ends up in the CNS

Question 3

excess of any sensation is perceived as what?

Answer 3

pain

Question 4

in some cases, constant stimulus causes nerves to do what?

Answer 4

decrease or stop firing causing decreased sensation

Question 5

what is pain?

Answer 5

a natural protective mechanism causing the body to remove itself for pain source

Question 6

pain threshold varies between what?

Answer 6

species and individuals

Question 7

how pain is what will vary as well?

Answer 7

manifested

Question 8

how can we raise the pain threshold?

Answer 8

drugs and diverting attention:twitch lip, tap or blow on head

Question 9

twitch application to a horse nose stimulates what that cause release of endorphins

Answer 9

acupuncture points

Question 10

what are the 3 categories of stimuli that are painful?

Answer 10

chemical, thermal, mechanical

Question 11

what is a chemical stimuli?

Answer 11

bile, ingesta, urine in abdomen

Question 12

what is thermal stimuli?

Answer 12

heat

Question 13

what is mechanical stimuli?

Answer 13

cutting, twisting, tearing, pushing, contraction, pulling

Question 14

what are the 4 types of pain?

Answer 14

superficial, deep, referred, visceral

Question 15

what is the difference between superficial and deep pain?

Answer 15

degree of severity is different

Question 16

what is a sign of deep pain?

Answer 16

animal turns to you, indicates brain involved vs. a spinal reflex

Question 17

what is referred pain due to?

Answer 17

convergence

Question 18

during visceral pain, as long as the body wall is not involved and no traction is applied to the peritoneum, visceral organs may be what?

Answer 18

manipulated, burned, cut, crushed without apparent pain

Question 19

what are signs of visceral pain when animal is awake?

Answer 19

anxious, look at side, kick side, increased HR

Question 20

what are signs of visceral pain when animal is under anesthesia?

Answer 20

increased HR=pain

Question 21

traction to ovarian ligament increases what?

Answer 21

HR

Question 22

crushing ovarian pedicle does what to HR

Answer 22

no change, no pain

Question 23

traction on abdominal wall, lack of blood supply, sudden distention, sudden contraction, chemical irritation are all painful to what?

Answer 23

viscera

Question 24

what is proprioception?

Answer 24

relative positions of various parts of the body without having to use the eyes

Question 25

in proprioception, information goes to what?

Answer 25

cerebrum and cerebellum at the same time

Question 26

what are the 2 subdivisions of proprioception?

Answer 26

conscious and unconscious

Question 27

what does conscious proprioception involve?

Answer 27

cerebral cortex although we may not perceive this is happening

Question 28

what does unconscious proprioception involve?

Answer 28

cerebellum- integrates muscles causing coordination

Question 29

where are proprioception nerves located?

Answer 29

within muscle fibers and tendons

Question 30

what do proprioception nerves do?

Answer 30

monitor the tension of muscles and make them contract or relax to allow for coordination of movement

Question 31

proprioception receptors in joints do what?

Answer 31

give info about tension and pressure

Question 32

proprioception skin mechanoreceptors do what?

Answer 32

report contact with the environment

Question 33

for smooth body movement in proprioception information must be delivered how?

Answer 33

rapidly

Question 34

proprioceptive tracts have what kind of fibers?

Answer 34

alpha

Question 35

proprioception senses are what?

Answer 35

intertwined

Question 36

in proprioception, the ear can affect what?

Answer 36

balance

Question 37

in proprioception, an animal with inner ear disease can have what?

Answer 37

balance problems

Question 38

taste is a what?

Answer 38

chemoreceptor

Question 39

cells are located in taste buds on some of the what on the tongue?

Answer 39

papillae

Question 40

what papillae contains taste buds?

Answer 40

vallate, foliate, fungiform

Question 41

what must be in solution to stimulate taste cells?

Answer 41

chemicals

Question 42

many different papillae shapes account for different what?

Answer 42

appearance of the tongue

Question 43

what are the 5 shapes of papillae?

Answer 43

vallate, foliate, fungiform, conical, filiform

Question 44

taste+smell= what?

Answer 44

taste

Question 45

smell distinguish complex tastes as the difference between an apple and a carrot, how?

Answer 45

they are both sweet

Question 46

what nerves are involved in taste?

Answer 46

facial, glossopharyngeal, bigeminal, vagus

Question 47

what part of the tongue does CN VII (facial nerve) affect?

Answer 47

to rostral 2/3 of tongue

Question 48

what part of the tongue does CN IX (glossopharyngeal nerve) affect?

Answer 48

nerve to caudal 1/3 of tongue

Question 49

what does does CN V (trigeminal nerve) do?

Answer 49

conveys somatic sensations

Question 50

what kind of somatic sensations does CN V convey?

Answer 50

heat, cold, touch

Question 51

what part of the tongue does CN X (vagus nerve) affect?

Answer 51

taste buds in the pharynx and epiglottis

Question 52

taste is an important factor in an animals ability to do what?

Answer 52

select foods the body needs

Question 53

animal that is deficient in a particular vitamin, salt, what will pick appropriate food to fulfill that need?

Answer 53

Ca+

Question 54

what is PICA?

Answer 54

abnormal appetite for something

Question 55

where are smell receptors located?

Answer 55

in caudal dorsal portion of nasal passages

Question 56

CN I, olfactory nerve, cells extend to olfactory bulb and from there to where?

Answer 56

olfactory centers in the brain

Question 57

columnar supporting cells support the nerve cell and do what?

Answer 57

secrete mucus which bathes surface

Question 58

why is mucus important?

Answer 58

materical to be smelled usually must be dissolved in mucus

Question 59

cool air inspired moves to the receptor area by what as it warms?

Answer 59

convection

Question 60

what increases air reaching olfactory area?

Answer 60

sniffing

Question 61

what response is used when new smell picked up?

Answer 61

semi-reflex response

Question 62

which nerve is involved in smell and taste?

Answer 62

trigeminal nerve (CN V)

Question 63

if the same odor stimulates receptors over a long period of time, what happens?

Answer 63

don't smell odor anymore

Question 64

if same odor stimulates receptors over a long period of time sensitivity to other odors does what?

Answer 64

remains the same

Question 65

sensory neurons in the hard palate detect what?

Answer 65

pheromones

Question 66

what are pheromones?

Answer 66

chemical substances that can influence behavior

Question 67

what behavior are pheromones important in?

Answer 67

reproductive behaviors

Question 68

what are the parts of the ear?

Answer 68

external, middle, inner ear, and nerve

Question 69

what CN is responsible for hearing?

Answer 69

CN VIII, acoustic or vestibulocochlear

Question 70

what is the pinna?

Answer 70

ear flap

Question 71

what are external acoustic canal?

Answer 71

external ear canal

Question 72

what are the parts of the external ear canal?

Answer 72

vertical canal, horizontal canal, tympanic membrane, triages, lining of canal

Question 73

what is the tympanic membrane?

Answer 73

deepest border (ear drum)

Question 74

what is the tragus?

Answer 74

the portion of auricular cartilage at the base of the ear canal opening

Question 75

what is the lining of the canal?

Answer 75

modified skin w/ few hair, abundant sebaceous and ceruminous glands

Question 76

where do cells begin in the lining of the canal?

Answer 76

at tympanic membrane

Question 77

where do cells move from the tympanic membrane in the lining of the canal?

Answer 77

external along the canal

Question 78

what is the lining of the canals response to irritation?

Answer 78

produce excess wax

Question 79

what can irritate the lining of the canal?

Answer 79

excessive cleaning

Question 80

sound waves pass through canal to the tympanic membrane causing the membrane to do what?

Answer 80

vibrate

Question 81

what is the vestibular division?

Answer 81

sense of acceleration

Question 82

what is the cochlear division?

Answer 82

hearing

Question 83

what is the tympanic cavity?

Answer 83

air filled space

Question 84

what are the borders of the middle ear?

Answer 84

tympanic membrane, temporal bone, mucous membrane lined

Question 85

what does the middle ear contain?

Answer 85

eustachian tube, tympanic bulla, auditory ossicles

Question 86

what does the eustachian tube communicate with?

Answer 86

the nasopharynx

Question 87

the eustachian tube is usually what?

Answer 87

closed

Question 88

when does the eustachian tube open?

Answer 88

upon swallowing and yawning

Question 89

what is the eustachian tube lines with?

Answer 89

ciliated epithelium

Question 90

what does the movement of the ciliated epithelium in the eustachian tube do?

Answer 90

keep foreign material out of the middle ear

Question 91

what is the tympanic bulla?

Answer 91

ventral expansion

Question 92

what can be drained in the tympanic bulla?

Answer 92

infection

Question 93

where are the auditory ossicles located?

Answer 93

span the middle ear from tympanic membrane to oval window

Question 94

superficial auditory ossicle?

Answer 94

malleus

Question 95

middle auditory ossicle?

Answer 95

incus

Question 96

deep auditory ossicle?

Answer 96

stapes

Question 97

what do the auditory ossicles do?

Answer 97

transfer sound waves to the inner ear for hearing

Question 98

what nerves are in the middle ear?

Answer 98

CN VII

Question 99

where does CN VII pass through?

Answer 99

tympanic cavity

Question 100

what can CN VII be injured with?

Answer 100

infection or surgery

Question 101

what nerves do horses have in their middle ear?

Answer 101

CN VII, IX, X, XI, XII

Question 102

where is the inner ear located?

Answer 102

carved into the temporal bone

Question 103

nervous tissues within the membranous labyrinth sense what?

Answer 103

hearing and balance

Question 104

what is cochlear responsible for?

Answer 104

hearing

Question 105

what structures within the vestibular apparatus are associated with balance?

Answer 105

utriculus, sacculus, semicircular ducts

Question 106

structures for both hearing and balance are where?

Answer 106

carved into the bone of the skull

Question 107

what are the meninges?

Answer 107

the 3 coverings of the brain and spinal cord

Question 108

pressure waves enter the cochlea from the oval window is the physiology of what?

Answer 108

hearing

Question 109

vibration moves what?

Answer 109

basilar memvrane

Question 110

cilia on hair cells embedded in tectorial membrane move in response to what?

Answer 110

wave vibrations

Question 111

what are the 2 receptor cells on the organ of corti?

Answer 111

amplitude and frequency

Question 112

what does amplitude detect?

Answer 112

loudness

Question 113

what does frequency detect?

Answer 113

pitch

Question 114

what is a cause of deafness?

Answer 114

anything that interferes with the passage of soundwaves

Question 115

what is a cause of deafness in the external ear

Answer 115

mechanical obstruction w/ hair, wax, exudate

Question 116

what is a cause of deafness in the tympanic membrane?

Answer 116

reduced flexibility due to age, pressure behind in middle ear

Question 117

what is a cause of deafness in the auditory ossicles in the middle ear?

Answer 117

anything that reduces their ability to move

Question 118

broken basilar fibers from loud noise, organ of court damage, damage to vestibulocochlear nerve, problems with the brain areas dedicated to hearing are all causes of deafness in what?

Answer 118

inner ear