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Joints Flashcards

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1
Q

What is arthrology?

A

the study of joints

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2
Q

What are joints?

A

articulations

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3
Q

not all joints allow what?

A

movement

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4
Q

what 3 things can joints be?

A

immovable, slightly moveable, and freely moveable

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5
Q

what is an example of immovable joints?

A

sutures in the skull

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6
Q

what is an example of slightly moveable joints?

A

joint between splint bone and cannon joint between tooth and socket in skull

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7
Q

what is an example of freely moveable joints?

A

hip, stifle, shoulder, elbow, carpal joints

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8
Q

What can freely moveable joints also be called?

A

synovial joints

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9
Q

What are joints classified by?

A

structure and material joining the bones together

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10
Q

What are the 3 general types of joints?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

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11
Q

fibrous joints have no what?

A

joint cavity

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12
Q

what does fibrous tissue do?

A

joins the bones

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13
Q

in some cases what does fibrous tissue do?

A

later ossifies

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14
Q

what do fibrous joints allow?

A

slight movement for some areas, no movement for others

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15
Q

joint between the splint bones and the cannon, sutures of the skull, and joints between teeth and sockets in the skull are examples of what type of joint?

A

fibrous

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16
Q

cartilaginous joints have no what?

A

joint cavity

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17
Q

cartilaginous joints does what?

A

joins bones together

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18
Q

cartilaginous joints are what?

A

immoveable

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19
Q

what is an exception to cartilaginous joints being immovable?

A

hormonal influence on the joints of the pelvis at partition allows for slight relaxation of the joints to enlarge the birth canal

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20
Q

growth plate of immature bone, fibrocartilage connects adjacent sternebrae, fibrocartilage connects adjacent vertebrae at the disc area between the vertebral bodies, adjacent pelvic bones, and mandibular symphysis are all examples of what type of joint?

A

cartilaginous

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21
Q

What are synovial joints?

A

the joints we think of when we talk about joints

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22
Q

synovial joints have a what?

A

joint cavity

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23
Q

synovial joints are what?

A

freely moveable

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24
Q

carpus, stifle, some intervertebral joints, connection of ribs to vertebrae, and hips are all examples of what type of joint?

A

synovial

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25
What are the 4 parts of a synovial joint?
articular surfaces, articular cartilage, articular cavity, and joint capsule
26
where are articular surfaces located?
ends of bones within the joint
27
what are articular surfaces made of?
compact bone
28
What covers the n compact bone on the articular surfaces in articular cartilage?
hyaline cartilage
29
What is an articular cavity?
joint cavity, potential space between the bones
30
what is a joint capsule?
consists of 2 parts with a fat pad between in some areas
31
what are the 2 parts of the joint capsule?
synovial membrane and fibrous membrane
32
what is a synovial membrane?
inner part of the joint capsule
33
what fluid does the synovial membrane secrete?
synovial fluid
34
what does synovial fluid look like?
clear and thick
35
what does synovial fluid do?
lubricates to decrease friction
36
when does synovial fluid increase?
in inflammation, arthritis
37
what is a fibrous membrane?
outside part of the joint capsule
38
what might the fibrous membrane contain?
extra capsular ligaments
39
what 2 types of ligaments are there?
extra capsular ligaments and intracapsular ligaments
40
where are extra capsular ligaments located?
in fibrous membrane of joint capsule
41
where are intracapsular ligaments located?
within the joint itself
42
what are some examples of extra capsular ligaments?
collateral, dorsal, palmer, and annular
43
where are collateral ligaments located?
on medial and lateral sides of joint
44
where are dorsal ligaments located?
front of joint
45
where are palmar joints located?
on back, ventral, posterior surfaces of joint
46
where are annular ligaments located?
surround joint in a ring shape
47
where are cruciate ligaments located?
within the stifle joint
48
what are the 2 types of cruciate ligaments?
anterior cruciate ligament and posterior cruciate ligament
49
where is the anterior cruciate ligament located?
lateral condyle to cranial tibia
50
where is the posterior cruciate ligament located?
medial condyle to caudal tibia
51
what are some examples of intracapsular ligaments?
cruciate ligaments, carpal/tarsal ligaments, and round ligament
52
what does a carpal/tarsal ligament do?
hold carpal/tarsal bones together
53
what does a round ligament do?
holds hip in the socket
54
where is the meniscus located?
at the stifle
55
what is a meniscus?
fibrocartilage cushion between the femur and tibia
56
what does the meniscus act as?
a shock absorber
57
a torn meniscus can cause what?
some difficulty
58
What are 2 types of synovial joints?
simple and compound
59
what is a simple synovial joint?
only two bones involved within the joint capsule
60
what is a compound synovial joint?
more than 2 bones involved within the same joint capsule
61
what is an example of simple synovial joint?
shoulder joint and hip joint
62
what is an example of compound synovial joint?
carpals, tarsals, radio-ulnar-carpal joint
63
a compound joint such as the tarsus (hock) may also have more than one what?
joint capsule
64
what is another synovial structure?
bursa
65
bursa is not associated with a what?
joint
66
what is a bursa?
synovial sac located between two structures that rub against each other
67
what does the bursa d?
protects structures that move a short distance in relation to each other
68
increase in fluid in the bursa is seen with what?
inflammation or bursitis
69
what is a bicipital bursa?
where the biceps tendon crosses the point of the shoulder and rubs the humerus
70
what is inflammation of the bicipital bursa called?
bicipital bursitis
71
what is the atlantal bursa?
where the ligaments nuchae contacts the atlas
72
what is inflammation of the atlantan bursa called?
poll evil
73
what is supraspinous bursa?
ligamentum niche contacts the spinous process of the T2 vertebrae
74
what is inflammation of the supraspinous bursa called?
fistulous withers
75
what is inflammation of the bursa between triceps tendon and olecranon process of the ulna called?
capped elbow in large animals and hygroma in small animals
76
what is a synovial sheath?
elongated bursa between tendon and surrounding tissue
77
what does the synovial sheath protect?
structures moving over a long distance
78
what does the synovial sheath surround?
the tendon
79
what is increase in fluid in the synovial sheath called?
synovitis
80
if the tendon surrounded by synovial sheath is inflamed what is it called?
tendosynovitis
81
what are some examples of synovial sheaths?
synovial sheath around the superficial digital flexor tendon over the cannon bone and synovial sheath around the deep digital flexor tendon over the cannon bone and above the flock
82
inflammation involving both types of synovial sheaths over the cannon bone is called what?
bowed tendon
83
inflammation involving the deep digital flexor tendon above the hock
thouroughpin
84
what ways can a joint move?
hinge, gliding, rotary, and ball and socket
85
what can a hinge also be called?
ginglymus
86
what does hinge movement do?
allows flexion, extension and hyperextension
87
what are some examples of things that use hinge movement?
fetlock, atlanto-occipital joint, jaw when it opens and closes
88
what can gliding movement also be called?
arthrodial
89
what does the gliding movement do?
gliding movements on small, flat surfaces
90
what is an example of a thing that used gliding movement?
between carpal bones
91
what can rotary movement also be called?
trochoid
92
what does rotary movement do?
pivots around one axis
93
what is an example of joint that uses rotary movement?
atlanto-axial joint
94
what can ball and socket movement also be called?
spheroid or enarthrodial
95
what does ball and socket movement do?
many movements possible
96
what is an example of joints that use ball and socket movement?
coxo-femoral (hip) and scapulo-humeral (shoulder)
97
what types of joint injuries are there?
dislocations, fractures, sprains, cuts, punctures
98
what can dislocation also be called?
luxation
99
what happens during dislocation?
stretch/tear ligaments, stretch/tear joint capsule, tear blood vessels
100
why is early treatment important in dislocation?
to avoid joint cavity filling with connective tissue
101
what happens when dislocation is not treated?
result is possible functional false joint, as the blood clot surrounding the bone becomes organized or mature, movement may be allowed
102
what happens with a fracture?
if located near or within a joint it is hard to reduce and immobilize the fracture
103
what happens during a sprain?
stretched ligaments
104
how should a sprain be treated?
with rest
105
what are cuts?
open the joint and may involve tendons, tendon sheaths
106
what does lost fluid in a cut result in?
decreased lubrication; joint moves less
107
what enters a cut from outside the body?
infection
108
what do punctures usually get from outside the body?
infected
109
what may a puncture involve?
tendons and sheaths
110
punctures are what?
insidious
111
what does insidious mean?
not noticed for a few days
112
punctures can appear how?
suddenly when has really been there a while
113
the nature of a puncture wound delays what?
treatment of the joint and the infection present
114
what is arthritis?
inflammation of the joint with swelling and pain regardless of cause
115
what is septic arthritis?
infection from a cut, puncture, hematogenous spread or lymphogenous spread

Anatomy (13 decks)

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