Skeletal Flashcards
(106 cards)
1
Q
What is the vertebral formula for horse?
A
C7T18L6S5Cd15-20
2
Q
What is an Osteoblast?
A
bone matrix producing cell
3
Q
What is an Osteoid?
A
unmineralized bone that the osteoblast makes
4
Q
What is an osteocyte?
A
name of osteoblasts once they are trapped within mineralized bone
5
Q
What are osteocytes able to do?
A
digest bone and release Ca+ to blood. This increases blood Ca+ levels
6
Q
What is an osteoclast?
A
bone destroying cells
7
Q
What is the center of ossification?
A
area where bone is forming
8
Q
Where are calcium salts deposited?
A
in osteoid
9
Q
what is a chondroblast?
A
cell which produces cartilage matrix
10
Q
what is a chondrocyte?
A
cell which produces cartilage mix
11
Q
what is a chondroclast?
A
cartilage absorbing cells
12
Q
what is a matrix?
A
material between cells
13
Q
What is cartilage?
A
a type of connective tissue
14
Q
what is cartilage necessary for?
A
bone formation
15
Q
what is growth plate?
A
an area of growing bone near the end of each long bone
16
Q
What is the growth plate made of?
A
hyaline cartilage
17
Q
what happens when the growth plate is injured?
A
it may fuse and the bone may stop growing
18
Q
what is periosteum?
A
membrane on outer surface of bone
19
Q
what does the periosteum contain?
A
reservoir or osteoblasts
20
Q
What is endosteum?
A
membrane on inner surface of bone including canals
21
Q
what does the endosteum contain?
A
reservoir of osteoblasts and osteoclasts
22
Q
what is a callus?
A
osteoid tissue which forms and mineralizes around a fracture site to splint the fracture and stop movement
23
Q
how does bone form?
A
when osteoblasts invade an area and produce osteoid, the osteoid calcifies and forms bone
24
Q
what is heteroplastic ossification?
A
bone forming tissue other than skeleton, usually abnormal
25
what are normal examples of heteroplastic ossification?
os penis (dog) and os cordis (cattle)
26
What is intramembranous ossification?
forms in fibrous membane
27
what are some examples of bones formed by intamembranous ossification?
flat bones as skull and scapula
28
What is endochondral ossification?
forms in cartilage, occurs most in long bone
29
What is an example of endochondral ossification?
bone forming on the cartilage framework of the fetus
30
what is the 1st step in endochondral ossification?
chondroblasts produce matrix cells+matrix=cartilage
31
What is the 2nd step in endochondral ossification?
cartilage mineralizes and degenerates
32
What is the 3rd step in endochondral ossification?
degenerating cartilage is invaded by blood vessels and osteoblasts
33
What is the 4th step in endochondral ossification?
osteoblasts produce osteoid
34
What is the 5th step in endochondral ossification?
osteoid mineralizes and the osteoblasts are trapped, now they are called osetocytes
35
What is the final step in endochondral ossification?
an area of growing cartilage remains near the end of each long bone at the metaphysis, or growth plate
36
What are other terms for growth plate?
epiphyseal plate, physeal line, epiphyseal line
37
As the growth plate grows the long bone can do what?
get longer
38
When do growth plates fuse?
at maturity
39
Osteoblasts in the periosteum produce what?
new bone
40
Osteocytes and osteoclasts within bone at the marrow cavity increase what?
the inner diameter of the marrow cavity
41
what is the final result when osteocytes and osteoclasts in the bone marrow cavity increase the inner diameter of the marrow cavity?
tubes of bone packed together, canals line with endosteum connect all areas, blood vessels and nerves in the canals, periosteum covers the outer surface, and endosteum and periosteum provide reserve bone cells
42
bones repair using what?
reserve osteoblasts in the periosteum and endosteum to produce new bone
43
In what sequence is bone repaired?
the same basic sequence used to create bone in fetus
44
How does bone resorption occur?
as a natural process to provide calcium and phosphorus to the body as needed
45
Where does bone resorption occur?
in bone repair and disease
46
resorption process is governed by what?
hormones, pressure, blood supply, and nutrition
47
What two cells types does the work in resorption?
osteocytes and osteoclasts
48
thyroid gland and parathyroid glands that affect blood calcium levels are located where?
in the upper neck
49
thyroid gland produces what hormone?
thyrocalcitonin
50
what does thyrocalcitonin so?
decreases blood calcium levels
51
parathyroid gland produces what hormone?
PTH or parathormone
52
what does parathormone do?
increases blood calcium levels
53
What does PTH cause in the kidney?
excretion of phosphorus and resorption of calcium
54
what does PTH cause in the GI tract?
increases absorption of calcium and phosphorus across the intestinal villi
55
What does PTH cause in the bone?
promotes calcium release from the bones to the blood
56
What does thyrocalcitonin do in the bone?
decreased resorption of bone and decreases release of calcium from bone to blood
57
bone is what?
dynamic
58
what does it mean for a bone to be dynamic?
it responds to environmental extremes of pressure or stress
59
excess pressure can cause bone to do what?
atrophy, decrease in size
60
little or no pressure on bone as carrying the leg or in weightless situations can cause what in the bone?
loss of bone density
61
what kind of tissue is bone?
highly vascular
62
fractures can result in what?
significant blood loss
63
what is needed in bone formation for cartilage to convert to bone?
blood supply
64
if calcium and phosphorus intakes are inadequate or in improper balance, the body must do what?
go to alternate sources
65
what is used to increase calcium levels relative to phosphorus?
bone resorption
66
bone is elastic, meaning what?
bends some, stretches some, compresses some
67
if there is no skin wound, what kind of fracture is it?
simple or closed
68
if there is a skin wound, what kind of fracture is it?
compound or open
69
in an open fracture, wound in the skin does what?
contacts the fractured bone
70
in an open fracture, wound may have been caused how?
by the fracture or by the object which caused the fracture
71
an open fracture is a what kind of situation?
emergency
72
an open fracture is a possibility for what?
bone infection
73
what is osteomyelitis?
inflammation of bone and bone marrow
74
what are the 4 types of fracture lines?
greenstick, complete, epiphyseal, and comminutes
75
what is a greenstick fracture?
one side of bone is fractures or splintered and the other side is bent
76
what is a complete fracture?
fracture extends across entire bone
77
what is an epiphyseal fracture?
fracture at the growth plate bone may stop growing in length, very bad
78
what is a comminuted fracture?
many fragments, crushed
79
what is a compound fracture?
a fragment has pierced the skin, an open fracture
80
What are the 3 requirements to heal a fracture?
align the ends of the bone, immobilize the bone, blood supply
81
lacking in one of the requirements to heal a fracture will result in what?
non-union with the gap filled with fibrous connective tissue and not bone
82
blood vessels break, clot forms around fracture ends, connective tissue cells move in and produce fibrous connective tissue, blood vessels invade the area, osteoclasts and osteocytes resorb dead bone edges as they clean up debris all happens during what?
bone fracture
83
osteoblasts move in and make osteoid, callus helps to immobilize the fracture and acts like a splint, osteoid mineralizes, bone rearranges to reform the marrow cavity and create a straight shaft all happens during what?
bone fracture
84
rearranging of bone is called what?
remodeling
85
callus rise indicated what?
degree of stability
86
what does a large callus mean?
poor stabilization of the fracture
87
what does a small callus mean?
good stabilization of the fracture
88
age of animal, blood supply to the fracture, amount of correction necessary, is there an infection present, amount of damage to the surrounding tissue are several factors of what?
degree of correction achieved
89
how long does a fracture take to heal for a young animal?
fast healing time 4-8 weeks
90
how long does a fracture take to heal for an older animal?
months to years
91
what is grafting?
to take another piece of bone into the area
92
if the graft is accepted part lives and provides a supply of what?
osteoblasts to repair bone
93
if the graft is accepted part dies and recipients what removes the dead portion?
osteoclasts
94
if the graft is rejected what happens?
it all dies
95
what is osteoma?
tumor of bone
96
what is chondromas?
develop from cartilage
97
what is exostoses?
growths due to prolonged irritation
98
what is osteogenic sarcomas?
originate from connective tissue
99
what is osetodystrophy?
any abnormal bone development
100
Ca+ and Ph+ abnormality is based on what?
diet based and disease based
101
what is an inadequate mineralization of osteoid?
flexible bones
102
what is lack of vitamin D?
Ca+ not absorbed from GI
103
achondroplasia
metaphyses fuse early in life but bones continue to increase in diameter
104
achondroplasia is what?
hereditary
105
what breed of dog is selectively bred for achondroplasia?
dachshunds
106
dwarfism in cattle represents what?
achondroplasia
