Respiratory System Flashcards
(190 cards)
1
Q
Definition of Respiratory System
A
Those structures involved in the exchange of gases between the blood and external system or environment
2
Q
What are the Major functions of the Respiratory System?
A
Supply O2 and Remove CO2
3
Q
How long can an animal live without O2?
A
ONLY the time needed for 500 heart beats before death occurs, so time will vary with species and normal HR
4
Q
What are the Minor functions of the Respiratory System?
A
Assist regulation of acidity by CO2 removal, Assist Temperature control, Eliminate H2O, Phonation
5
Q
How does the Respiratory System assist temperature control?
A
by panting
6
Q
What does phonation mean?
A
voice
7
Q
Dyspnea
A
Difficult breathing
8
Q
Apnea
A
Absence of breathing
9
Q
Hyperpnea
A
Abnormal increased depth and rate of breathing but not labored
10
Q
Polypnea=Tachypnea
A
Rapid, shallow breathing
11
Q
Tidal Volume
A
volume of air inspired/expired during normal respiration
12
Q
Dead space
A
Area of respiratory tract where gas exchange does not occur
13
Q
What is normal in the Respiratory System?
A
nasal passages, mouth, pharynx, trachea, mainstream bronchi, lobar bronchi, bronchioles, alveolar ducts
14
Q
What is abnormal in the Respiratory System?
A
collapsed lung
15
Q
Hypoxia
A
Low O2 in the blood
16
Q
Hypocapnia
A
Low CO2 in the blood?
17
Q
Hypercapnia
A
Excess CO2 in the blood
18
Q
Nares
A
nostrils
19
Q
Muzzle
A
continuous with the nares
20
Q
What is the muzzle in a horse?
A
the organ of touch
21
Q
Planum nasale
A
non-haired area of the muzzle
22
Q
nasal cavity
A
Air passage to pharynx bordered by hard and soft palate, median septum (anterior), and choanae (posterior)
23
Q
What do mm lined turbinates help with?
A
warm inspired air
24
Q
Where are the olfactory nerve endings located?
A
at dorsal caudal portion
25
Sinuses
air filled cavities connecting to nasal cavity
26
Where are sinuses located?
maxillary, frontal, sphenoid, palatine, lacrimal bones
27
Pharynx
Area between mouth/nasal cavity to the front and larynx/esophagus to the rear
28
Where do the Eustachian tube open?
into the pharynx from the middle ear
29
How is the Eustachian tube different in the horse?
it has a large ventral pouch or diverticulum called the GUTTURAL POUCH
30
Larynx
voice box
31
What does the Larynx control?
inspiration and expiration
32
What does the Larynx prevent?
inhalation of foreign objects
33
How many cartilages does the Larynx have?
5
34
Where is the epiglottic cartilage located?
at the base of the tongue
35
What does the epiglottic cartilage do?
directs passage of air vs. food
36
What is the epiglottic cartilage a landmark for?
passing an endotracheal tube into the trachea for inhalant anesthesia and to maintain an open airway
37
What cartilages are in the Larynx?
1 Epiglottic, 2 Arytenoid, 1 Cricoid, 1 Thyroid
38
What do the 2 Arytenoid cartilages do?
close glottis, tighten/loosen vocal chors
39
What does the cricoid cartilage look like?
"ring-shaped"
40
What does the cricoid cartilage do?
retains shape of larynx so air can pass
41
What does the thyroid cartilage look like?
"U-shaped"
42
What does the thyroid cartilage do?
also helps keep larynx open
43
The combination of the 4 overlapping cartilages behind the epiglottis does what?
makes the voice box rigid
44
What does the Trachea have?
series of incomplete cartilage rings- "C" shaped
45
In most animals, the circular structure is completed by a ____/_________ strip on ________
muscle/connective tissue, dorsal surface
46
What does the connective tissue do in the Trachea of animals?
Allows for change in diameter with increased air flow
47
Which animals have complete rings in their Trachea?
birds and reptiles
48
What is different in the Trachea in birds and reptiles?
usually non collapsable, Interior is smooth and glistening.
49
What happens to the Trachea at the base of the heart?
Bifurcation. Divides to form 2 principle mainstem bronchi
50
What does the Bifurcation of the Trachea do?
Directs air to right and left lungs
51
What does the lobar bronchi do?
take air to each lung lobe
52
What branches off form lobar bronchi and lead to alveolar ducts?
Bronchioles
53
What occurs in the Alveoli?
Air exchange
54
What projects from the surfaces of cells lining much of the respiratory tree?
Cilia
55
What is the purpose of Cilia?
to move foreign bodies out
56
Viral diseases that destroy cilia allows what?
secretions to settle in the lungs
57
What completely fills most of the available space in the thorax?
The lungs
58
What is located at middle of medial surface of each lung?
The Hilus
59
What happens at the Hilus?
Pulmonary artery, bronchus, nerves enter and pulmonary vein lymphatics leave
60
What lobes does the left lung contain?
Apical and Diaphragmatic
61
What lobes does the right lung contain?
Apical, Cardiac, Diaphragmatic, and Accessory
62
What is another name for the Accessory lobe?
Intermediate
63
What is another name for the Cardiac lobe?
Middle
64
What are other names for Apical and Diaphragmatic?
Cranial and Caudal
65
What is different in the horse lung?
it has no visible subdivisions
66
What is the exception in the horse lung?
No subdivisions except the intermediate lobe on Right lung.
67
What is a Cardiac notch?
Space where heart is against thoracic wall
68
Where is the Cardiac notch located?
Right lung
69
How is the Cardiac notch used?
as a place to access heart without hurting lung
70
What is pulmonary surfactant?
A substance that reduces surface tension of the fluid lining the alveoli
71
What does pulmonary surfactant do?
Reduces pressure needed to inflate smaller alveoli
72
What does pulmonary surfactant do to the lungs?
makes them easier to inflate and harder to collapse
73
With pulmonary surfactant, what happens once a lung has inflated?
it will never completely collapse
74
After an animal takes a breath the lungs will ________
never completely collapse
75
When is pulmonary surfactant not present?
pre-partuition
76
If it is known that pulmonary surfactant is not present you should do what?
Plan to C-section
77
How do you treat lack of Pulmonary Surfactant pre-C-section?
treat dam w/ steroids 1-2 d to stimulate production of lung surfactant
78
What happens if you give too much steroids pre-C-section?
induce labor
79
What are some boundaries of the thorax?
thoracic inlet, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, diaphragm
80
What does pleura do?
Facilitates movement of lungs with help of pleural fluid
81
Parietal pleura covers what in the chest cavity?
wall
82
Visceral pleura covers what in the chest cavity?
contents
83
Mediastinum divides what?
chest cavity down the middle
84
Cranial mediastinum contains what?
Trachea, esophagus, lymph nodes, great vessels, thymus
85
Middle mediastinum contains what?
heart
86
Caudal mediastinum contains what?
esophagus, aorta, caudal vena cava
87
Upper airway contains what?
nose and all passageways to the trachea and down to the bronchi until they enter the lung
88
Lower airway contains what?
Lungs and all passageways within the lungs
89
Normal pressure within the chest cavity is what?
NEGATIVE
90
A penetrating wound to the chest will cause air to be what?
sucked into the cavity because of this low pressure compared to atmospheric pressure
91
How is breathing accomplished?
Enlargement of the thoracic cavity
92
What happens to the Diaphragm when we breathe?
moves down
93
What happens to the Ribs when we breathe?
moves outward and forward
94
What does the movement of breathing increase?
the negative pressure in the pleural cavity
95
Expiration occurs _______
passively
96
What makes costal cartilages, lungs, and the abdominal wall want to return to their original positions?
elasticity
97
What is not required for normal expiration?
no effort
98
CPCR means?
Cardiopulmonary Cerebrovascular Resuscitation
99
What happens with CPCR?
1 sec breath and 5 sec read between breaths
100
How many breaths per/ minute?
10 breaths per/minute
101
What does forced expiration require?
muscular effort
102
What do the abdominal muscles do in forced expiration?
push diaphragm forward
103
What do chest muscles do in forced expiration?
pull ribs caudad
104
What is forced expiration seen as in some disease processes?
seen as heaves
105
Is forced expiration seen in some normal processes?
yes
106
How is forced expiration seen in normal processes?
Strong expiratory effort with the glottis closed
107
Defecation, micturition, partuition= _________
straining
108
When does inspiratory effort with glottis closed occur?
belching and vomiting
109
What does inspiratory effort with glottis closed assist in?
regurgitation of food for re-chewing in ruminants
110
What does inspiratory effort with glottis closed aid in?
return of blood and lymph to the heart
111
Normal respiration is reflex in what?
nature
112
even through majority of muscle involved is what?
striated m.
113
What muscle is found only in walls of pulmonary blood vessels and walls of some air passages?
smooth m.
114
Respiratory mechanism of the brain consists of nerve cells in what?
the brainstem
115
In Inspiration nerve impulses transmitted from _________ down spinal cord to cervical spinal cord segments
Brainstem
116
Phrenic nerves pass from cord to diaphragm and cause what?
contraction of diaphragm
117
Intercostal nerves from cord stimulate what to do what?
intercostal muscles of the ribs to contract
118
Increased ____________ sucks air into the lungs
negative pressure in the lungs
119
In Expiration feedback system operates to allow _________ of the diaphragm and rib ______ for passive expiration
relaxation, muscles
120
The feedback in expiration inhibits what?
the inspiratory center
121
What is directed back to the brainstem and inhibits the inspiratory center?
branch of the phrenic nerve
122
What happens overtime the diaphragm is stimulated the feedback loop is what?
stimulated so even the lungs are inflating.
123
What from the vagus nerve are located in the lung parenchyma, visceral pleura, and bronchioles?
Stretch receptors
124
What do stretch receptors do to prevent over-distention of the lungs?
inhibit the inspiratory center
125
Air is brought up into the lungs up to a critical point when the tissue is stretched enough to stimulate this feedback mechanism and inspiration stops all happens during what?
Inspiration
126
What must we be careful of when we breath for an animal during anesthesia?
not to over inflate the lungs and cause damage
127
What pressure should we not exceed on the manometer for cats?
15
128
What pressure should we not exceed on the manometer for dogs?
20
129
Alterations in respiratory character are governed by what?
nerve input and humoro-chemical
130
Humoro-chemical means what?
chemicals in blood
131
From motor cortex of brain with information from feedback from muscle and joint proprioceptors in exercise happens in what?
nerve input
132
What are some humoro-chemicals?
CO2, H+, O2
133
What is the most important alteration in respiratory characters?
humoro-chemical input
134
Which humoro-chemical input is the most important factor influencing activity to the respiratory center?
level of CO2 in blood
135
What increased chemical results in increased activity of respiratory center and increased ventilation rate?
PCO2
136
What is the next most important humoro-chemical input?
H+ ion concentration
137
What chemical crosses blood-brain barrier and makes CSF more acid?
CO2
138
What causes increased activity of respiratory center and increased ventilation?
Increased acidity
139
What results in increased CO2?
Excess H ion
140
What increases to remove the excess CO2?
Respiration
141
PO2 of arterial blood becomes a factor only during what?
pulmonary stress
142
pulmonary stress can also be called what?
hypoxia
143
Receptors near aorta and carotid artery detect what?
O2 levels in blood
144
Decreased O2 stimulates what and causes what?
respiratory center and causes increased ventilation
145
What are the different types of breathing patterns?
Costal breathing, Abdominal breathing, and Agonal breathing
146
What is costal breathing?
rib breathing
147
When could you see costal breathing?
With painful abdomen or painful diaphragm
148
What is abdominal breathing?
visible movement of the abdomen
149
When could you see costal breathing?
with chest pain or with problems emptying lungs causing forced expiration
150
What is agonal breathing?
Not really breathing, not moving air. A last ditch effort
151
What happens in agonal breathing?
The brain moves the mouth in a gasping motion
152
What is agonal breathing a sign of?
That the animal is already in respiratory arrest
153
Where does gas exchange occur?
at the level of alveoli
154
In gas exchange air is separated from blood by what?
Capillary wall, capillary basement membrane, fluid layer, and wall of alveolus
155
What happens in gas exchange?
Gas will move from area of high partial pressure to are of low partial pressure
156
Partial pressure
the pressure exerted by each gas of a mixture of gases
157
In exchange at the alveolar level, alveolar air has a higher ____ and lower ____ than blood entering pulmonary capillaries
higher PO2 and lower PCO2
158
What happens to O2 in exchange at alveolar level?
O2 moves out of alveolar air and into blood rapidly
159
What happens to CO2 in exchange at alveolar level?
moves out of pulmonary capillary blood, into alveolar air rapidly
160
Where does CO2 enter that changes it into carbonic acid?
RBC
161
Carbonic acid rapidly dissociates into what inside the RBC?
hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion
162
What is picked up and buffered by Hb inside the RBC?
H+
163
What leaves the RBC and enters the plasma?
Bicarbonate ion
164
What chemical is transported in the way that bicarbonate ion is?
CO2
165
What happens to O2 in the exchange at the tissue level?
moves out of the blood and into the tissues
166
What is carried mostly on Hb?
O2
167
Conditions in the tissues surrounding the capillaries make the Hb want to do what?
release O2
168
Low pH is due to what?
high CO2
169
High temperature is due to what?
rapidly metabolizing cells
170
Low PO2 is due to what?
tissue O2 levels are low
171
CO2 moves into the blood how?
carried in solution as bicarbonate
172
Atelectasis
collapsed lung
173
Epistaxis
nose bleed
174
Atrophic rhinitis
infectious disease of pigs
175
What happens in Atrophic rhinitis?
structures lining nasal cavity may be almost completely destroyed
176
Calf diphtheria
infectious laryngitis of cattle
177
Pharyngitis
inflammation of the pharynx, AKA sore throat
178
Bronchitis
inflammation of the bronchi
179
Pleuritis
inflammation of the pleura
180
What causes pleuritis?
usually a complication of some other condition
181
What may form in pleuritis?
Adhesions
182
Hydrothorax
fluid in the chest
183
Pyothorax
pus in the chest
184
Chylothorax
lymph in the chest
185
Pneumothorax
air in the chest
186
Pneumonia
inflammation of the lung itself
187
Shipping fever
a pneumonia in cattle
188
Pulmonary emphysema
Enlargement of the alveoli
189
What happens in Pulmonary emphysema?
final rupture so air escapes into the connective tissue. Expiration becomes difficult
190
Cough
sudden noisy expulsion of air from the lungs
