DPT 630: Medical Physiology Flashcards by Alli Volkens

The ______ processes almost all sensory information going to the cerebral cortex and almost all motor information coming from the cerebral cortex to the brain and spinal cord.

a. Spinal cord
b. Thalamus
c. Hypothalamus
d. Pituitary

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The process of conversion of a stimulus (e.g. sound waves, pressure) into electrochemical energy is called sensory _____.

a. Repolarization
b. Depolarization
c. Transduction
d. Hyperpolarization

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In the sensory pathway, the _____ order neuron crosses to the collateral side.

a. Third
b. Second
c. Fourth
d. First

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True or False

Relay nuclei process the information they receive via local interneurons, which may be excitatory or inhibitory

True

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Olfactory receptor is a ______.

a. Mechanoreceptor
b. Nociceptor
c. Photoreceptor
d. Thermoreceptor
e. Chemoreceptor

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Receptor potentials are ______ electronic potentials, whose amplitude correlates with the size of the stimulus.

a. All or none
b. Nongraded
c. Graded

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True or False

Smaller the receptor field, the more precisely the sensation be localized or identified

True

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Slowly adapting mechanoreceptors are designed to encode _____ and ______ of stimulus.

a. Onset; offset
b. Duration; intensity

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If the skin temperature rises to damaging levels (above 45⁰C) then _____ get activated.

a. Polymodal nociceptors
b. Mechanoreceptors

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Visual acuity is highest at the central point of the retina called the ______.

a. Sclera
b. Cornea
c. Macula
d. Choroid

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True or False

Rods are sensitive to low-intensity light

True

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Vitamin A deficiency causes night blindness because vitamin A is required for regeneration of _____.

a. Metarhodopsin II
b. Cyclic GMP
c. 11-cis rhodopsin

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The right optic tract is formed by fibers from the _____ nasal hemiretina and _____ temporal hemiretina.

a. Left; right
b. Right; right
c. Left; left
d. Right; left

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Three ossicles of the middle ear include all of the following except:

a. Malleus
b. Stapes
c. Incus
d. Macula

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Vestibular organs which help maintain equilibrium and balance included all the below except:

a. Utricle
b. Saccule
c. Semicircular canal
d. Organ of Corti

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The _______ predict that disequilibrium is going to occur.

a. Utricle
b. Semicircular canals
c. Saccule

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True or False

The motoneuron pool is the set of motoneurons innervating fibers within the same muscle

True

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Gamma motoneurons innervate _____ muscle fibers

a. Extrafusal
b. Intrafusal

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The knee jerk reflex is a _____ spinal cord reflex

a. Disynaptic
b. Polysynaptic
c. Monosynaptic

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A _____ hemianopsia is the loss of half of the visual field on the same side in both eyes.

a. Homonymous
b. Heteronymous

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Impedance matching is accomplished which of the following? (choose 2)

a. Inertia of the endolymph
b. Stiffness of the basilar membrane
c. Ratio of the large surface area of the tympanic membrane of the small surface area of the oval window
d. Mechanical advantage offered by the lever system of the ossicles

C and D

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Bending the sterocilia in the direction of the kinocilium causes membrane _____.

a. Depolarization
b. Hyperpolarization

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Plateau seen during the action potential of the ventricular muscle is due to the balancing act of the inward (ECF to ICF) _____ current to the outward (ICF to ECF) ______ current.

a. Potassium; Sodium
b. Calcium; Sodium
c. Sodium; Calcium
d. Calcium; Potassium

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In case of SA node action potential, the upstroke (phase 0) caused by the inward _____ current.

a. Sodium
b. Chloride
c. Calcium
d. Potassium

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In case of SA node action potential, the spontaneous depolarization (phase 4) caused by the inward _____ current. a. Chloride b. Calcium c. Sodium d. Potassium

Latent pacemakers include all of the below except: a. SA Node b. Bundle of His c. Purkinje Fibers d. AV Node

Match the following ``` Inotropic effect --> ______ Chronotropic effect --> ______ QRS Complex --> ______ Preload for the ventricles --> ______ P wave --> ______ Afterload for the ventricles --> ______ T wave --> ______ • End-diastolic volume • Effect on contractility • Effect on HR • Aortic pressure • Represents ventricular depolarization • Represents atrial depolarization • Represents ventricular repolarization ```

* Inotropic effect: Effect on contractility * Chronotropic effect: Effect on HR * QRS Complex: Represents ventricular depolarization * Preload for the ventricles: End-diastolic volume * P wave: Represents atrial depolarization * Afterload for the ventricles: aortic pressure * T wave: Represents ventricular repolarization

Cardiac glycoside increases contractility in the heart muscle by blocking Na+ - K+ ATPase and increasing the ______ concentration inside the cell. a. Chloride b. Potassium c. Magnesium d. Calcium

In the normal physiologic range, as the length of the muscle fiber increases the tension/pressure developed in the cardiac muscle fiber ____ a. Decreases b. Stays the same c. Increases

Stroke volume = ________ - ________. a. Heart rate - cardiac output b. End-diastolic volume - end-systolic volume c. End-systolic volume - end-diastolic volume

Cardiac output = ________ x heart rate a. Stroke volume b. End-diastolic volume c. End-systolic volume

First heart sound is caused by closure of _____ valves. a. AV valves b. Aortic/pulmonic valves

The longest phase of the cardiac cycle is _______. a. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation b. Reduced ventricular filling c. Rapid ventricular ejection d. Atrial systole

Baroreceptors are ______ which are located in the carotid sinus and aortic arch. a. Thermoreceptors b. Chemoreceptors c. Mechanoreceptors

When the renin-angiontensin II-aldosterone system is stimulated by low mean arterial pressure it causes all of the following except: a. Decreased sodium reabsorption b. Vasoconstriction c. Increased aldosterone secretion d. Increased thirst

Arterial pressure is regulated by two major systems, the __________ and ___________. a. Baroreceptor reflex b. Breathing reflex c. Brainbridge reflex d. Renin-angiotensin II-aldosterone system

A and D

_______ control the blood flow to the capillaries. a. Arteries b. Venules c. Arterioles

When net filtration is out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid, it is called _______. a. Absorption b. Filtration

The lymphatic system is responsible for returning _______ fluid to the vascular compartment. a. Interstitium b. Capillary c. Venous

Causes of edema include all of the following except: a. Severe liver failure b. Arteriolar dilation c. Decreased plasma protein concentration d. Venous dilation

Increase in blood flow during exercise is due to increased metabolic demand and is an example of _______. a. Active hyperemia b. Autoregulation c. Reactive hyperemia

All the mechanisms below are involved in generating heat except: a. Increase in thyroid hormone b. Increased sweating c. Shivering d. Stimulation of sympathetic nervous system

All of the below are cardiovascular response to moving from supine to a standing position except: a. Increased peripheral resistance b. Increase in unstressed volume c. Increased fluid absorption

Sympathetic nervous system innervates the smooth muscle of the respiratory airways and causes _________ via β2 receptors a. Bronchiodilation b. Bronchioconstriction

Surfactant is produced by _______ pneumocytes a. Type I b. Type II

The volume of air maximally inspired above the tidal volume is called the ______. a. Expiratory reserve volume b. Tidal volume c. Inspiratory reserve volume d. Vital capacity

Increases in temperature causes a _____ shift of the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve. a. Left b. Right

The gamma chain in hemoglobin F causes _____ affinity of hemoglobin for O2. a. Increased b. Decreased

________ causes left shift of the O2-hemoglobin dissociation curve. a. Decreases in pH b. Decreases in 2,3-DPG concentration c. Increases in PCO2 d. Increased temperature

When less O2 is bound to hemoglobin, the affinity of hemoglobin for CO2 increases, this is called the _______ effect. a. Haldane b. Bohr

When partial pressure of O2 in alveolar gas decreases, it causes pulmonary _________. a. Vasoconstriction b. Vasodilation

True or False Left-to-right shunts cause hypoxemia and the hypoxemia cannot be corrected by having the person breathe a high O2 gas.

False

The normal V/Q ratio is _____. a. 0.4 b. 0.6 c. 0.8 d. 1.0

The respiratory center receives input from all the following except: a. Lung stretch receptors b. Central chemoreceptors c. Medullary auditory center d. Peripheral chemoreceptors

True or False Peripheral chemoreceptors are more sensitive to changes in pH as compared to changes in arterial PO2

False

Stimulation of irritant receptors by noxious chemicals causes ______. a. Bronchodilation b. Bronchodilation

At high altitude, pulmonary vascular resistance _______ due to decrease PO2. a. Increases b. Decreases

In case of diffusion defect there is hypoxemia with ______ A-a gradient. a. Increased b. Decreased

Decrease in cardiac output causes ________ due to decreases in blood flow a. Hypoxia b. Decreased O2 utilization by tissues c. Hypoxemia

All of the following are hromones secreted by the kidenys except: a. Renin b. Aldosterone c. Erythropoietin

True or False Juxtamedullary nephrons have longer loops of Henle as compared to superficial cortical nephrons

True

Volume of plasma completely cleared of a substance by the kidneys per unit time is the _____ of that substance a. Renal clearance b. Glomerular volume c. Renal plasma flow

Clearance ratio is the clearance of any substance compare to the clearance of what? a. Sodium b. Inulin c. PAH d. Glucose

Kidneys receive about ___ % of the cardiac output a. 25 b. 10 c. 1

Sympathetic nervous system causes constriction of afferent arterioles and causes _____ in GFR. a. Decrease b. Increase c. No change

Renal blood flow is autoregulated by varying the resistance of the ______. a. Glomerulus b. Bowman’s capsule c. Afferent arteriole

Glomerular capillary barrier has a _______ chaege which affects filtration of substance across it. a. Negative b. Positive

Glomerular filtration is dependent of 4 Starling forces but ______ is usually equal to zero and does not have a major impact of the filtration rate. a. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure b. Interstitial fluid oncotic pressure c. Capillary hydrostatic pressure d. Capillary oncotic pressure

One of the Starling forces which increases along the length of the glomerular capillary is _______. a. Interstitial hydrostatic pressure b. Interstitial fluid oncotic pressure c. Capillary hydrostatic pressure d. Capillary oncotic pressure

Constriction of the ureter causes _______ in GFR. a. Increase b. Decrease

Excretion is the net result or sum of the process of filtration, ______, and _______. a. Secretion b. Active transport c. Passive transport d. Reabsorption

A and D

The threshold plasma concentration at which glucose is first excreted in the urine is _______mg/dL. a. 100 b. 200 c. 400

ADH has all actions on the renal tubule except a. Increased urea permeability b. Decreased activity of the Na-K-Cl cotransporter c. Increased water permeability

In presence of ADH, water permeability increases in the ________ and __________. a. Late distal tubule b. Thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle c. Proximal tubule d. Collecting tubule

A and D

In central diabetes insipidous, low ADH causes ________ and ________ a. Dilute urine b. Low plasma osmolarity c. Concentrated urine d. High plasma osmolarity

A and D

Acid-base balance is achieved by all of the following except a. Respiratory mechanisms b. Cardiac mechanisms c. Buffers in ECF d. Renal mechanisms

When arterial pH is 7.50 it is called ___________ a. Alkalemia b. Academia

All of the following are fixed acid except a. Carbon dioxide b. Phosphoric acid c. Formic acid d. Sulphuric acid

True or False The most effective physiologic buffers will have a pk within 1.0 of 7.4

True

True or False Although the pk of the bicarbonate buffer is less than ideal as compared to phosphate buffer, bicarbonate buffer is still more effective

True

Major portion of the fixed H+ is excreted by the kidneys in the form of ____________ a. Titratable acid b. Sulphuric acid c. NH4+ d. CO2

In metabolic alkalosis HCO3 is increased with respiratory compensation causing __________ a. Hyperventilation b. Hypoventilation

Anion gap = _________ - (HCO3 + Cl) a. Na b. K c. Ca

All of the following are causes of respiratory alkalosis except: a. Pulmonary embolism b. Central sleep apnea c. Hysterical hyperventilation d. Sepsis

True or False Adrenergic neurons cause relaxation of sphincters

False

GI peptides are secreted by endocrine cells of the GI tract into the interstitial fluid and delivered by diffusion to the target cell are called as ______. a. Hormones b. Paracrines c. Neurocrines

________ contractions are periodic contractions followed by relaxation. a. Tonic b. Phasic

Oral phase of swallowing is _________. a. Voluntary b. Involuntary

To enter the duodenum, solid food must be reduced to particles of ______. a. 10 mm3 b. 5 mm3 c. 1 mm3

_________ occur to move contents of the large intestine over long distances, such as from the transverse colon to the sigmoid colon. a. Segmentation b. Rectosphincter reflex c. Mass movements

The components of gstric juice include all of the following except: a. Intrinsic factor b. HCl c. Gastrin d. Pepsinogen

Cimetidine decreases HCl production by inhibiting a. H2 receptors b. H-K ATPase c. M3 receptors

Following gastrocectomy patients must receive injections of vitamin B12 to bypass the absorption cause by the loss of what? a. Gastrin b. HCl c. Pepsinogen d. Intrinsic factor

Parasympathetic innervation _________ pancreatic secretion a. Stimulates b. Inhibits

When food particles reach the small intestine _______ is secreted which stimulates contraction of the gall bladder. a. Insulin b. HCl c. CCK d. Gastrin

Only _______ are absorbed by intestinal epithelial cells a. Disaccharides b. Monosaccharides c. Polysaccharides

_______ converts all of the inactive precursors of pancreatic proteases to active form. a. Trypsin b. HCl c. Gastrin d. Pepsin

The products of lipid digestion are solubilized in the intestinal lumen micelles by what? a. HCl b. Bilirubin c. Lipases d. Bile salts

Failure to synthesize ______ results in either chylomicrons not forming or being unable to be transported out of the intestinal cells into the lymph. a. Golgi apparatus b. Ribosomes c. Endoplasmic reticulum d. Nucleus

All the following are examples of steroid hormones except what? a. Catecholamine b. Aldosterone c. Estradiol d. Cortisol

DPT 630: Medical Physiology Flashcards

(100 cards)