ECG

Question 1

pacemaker rate at the SA node

Answer 1

60-100

Question 2

pacemaker rate @ AV node

Answer 2

40-55

Question 3

pacemaker rate @ bundle of His, bundle branches, purkinje fibers

Answer 3

25-40

Question 4

normal P wave duration

Answer 4

0.06-0.11

Question 5

normal QRS complex duration

Answer 5

0.07-0.11

Question 6

normal PR interval duration

Answer 6

0.12-0.2

Question 7

ventricular myocyte repolarization (phase 3)

Answer 7

T wave

Question 8

the entire action potential for the ventricular myocytes (depolarization- plateau- repolarization)

Answer 8

QT interval

Question 9

ventricular myocyte plateau phase (phase 2)

Answer 9

ST segment

Question 10

ECG interpretation - top 4 questions

Answer 10

1. are there P waves?
2. is there a P wave following every QRS?
3. what is pacing the heart?
4. what does each deflection look like?

Question 11

axis: 0 degrees

Answer 11

lead I

Question 12

axis: 60 degrees

Answer 12

lead II

Question 13

axis: 120 degrees

Answer 13

lead III

Question 14

axis: -30 degrees

Answer 14

avL

Question 15

axis: 90 degrees

Answer 15

avF

Question 16

axis: -150 degrees

Answer 16

avR

Question 17

precordial lead placement: right 4th interspace, adjacent to sternum

Answer 17

V1

Question 18

precordial lead placement: left 4th interspace adjacent to the sternum

Answer 18

V2

Question 19

precordial lead placement: positioned halfway between V2 and V4

Answer 19

V3

Question 20

precordial lead placement: the 5th interspace on the midclavicular line;

Answer 20

V4

Question 21

precordial lead placement: placed directly lateral to V4 with V5 on the anterior axillary line and V6 on the midaxillary line.

Answer 21

V5, V6

Question 22

which segment is roughly coincident with phase 2 of the AP?

Answer 22

ST segment

Question 23

that point where the QRS joins the ST segment with an angle normally about 90°

Answer 23

The J point

Question 24

which pacemaker is not included in the PR interval?

Answer 24

the SA node

Question 25

why is the t wave and the qrs upright?

Answer 25

b/c the myocardium repolarizes in the opposite direction from the depolarization event

Question 26

waves and complexes analysis consists of what?

Answer 26

1. Duration 2. Amplitude 3. Morphology 4. Vector

Question 27

p waves are always negative in ______

Answer 27

aVR

Question 28

what is the best lead to look at p waves?

Answer 28

lead 2

Question 29

tall p waves in lead 2 & V1 associated with what abnormality?

Answer 29

right atrial conduction abnormality

Question 30

notched p waves in lead 2 associated with what abnormality?

Answer 30

left atrial conduction abnormality

Question 31

PR interval >0.2 sec

Answer 31

1st degree AV block

Question 32

what can cause the PR interval to prolong?

Answer 32

increases with age

Question 33

what does the QT interval represent?

Answer 33

the time that it takes the entire heart to cycle 1x

Question 34

how to measure QT interval

Answer 34

beginning to QRS to end of T wave

Question 35

axis determination: if lead 1 & aVF positive?

Answer 35

axis is normal

Question 36

axis determination: if lead 1 is positive, aVF is negative

Answer 36

axis if leftward

Question 37

axis determination: is lead 1 is negative, aVF is positive

Answer 37

axis is rightward

Question 38

tall pointy p wave in lead 2?

Answer 38

right atrial abnormality

Question 39

people with ____BBB have a worse CV prognosis than ppl who don't

Answer 39

LBBB

Question 40

results in broad QS in V1 and broad, slurred R wave in V6;

Answer 40

LBBB

Question 41

shows broad QRS with an rSR’ pattern in V1 and deep, broad S wave in V6.

Answer 41

RBBB

Question 42

how many fascicles in right bundle?

Answer 42

1

Question 43

Left axis, at least –45 degrees, QRS

Answer 43

Left Anterior Fascicular Block

Question 44

Right axis, usually +120 or more, normal QRS, no evidence or RVH

Answer 44

Left Posterior Fascicular Block

Question 45

what are the most common types of trivascicular blocks?

Answer 45

RBBB + LAFB + 1st degree AV block

Question 46

if block in all fascicles is complete?

Answer 46

3rd degree AV block

Question 47

PR interval >0.2, unrelated to ischemic heart disease & generally benign

Answer 47

first degree AV block

Question 48

PR interval, usually normal, progressively lengthens until AV conduction is lost; Grouped QRS complexes, longest cycle is less than twice the length of the shortest cycle;

Answer 48

2nd degree AV block Type 1: “the Wenckebach phenomenon

Question 49

which type almost always includes a BBB, includes dropping of the QRS without prolongation of PR interval

Answer 49

2nd degree AV block type 2

Question 50

which type of 2nd degree AV block has a worse prognosis?

Answer 50

type 2

Question 51

what are the 3 main determinants of myocardial oxygen demand?

Answer 51

HR, contractility, myocardial wall tension

Question 52

which layer of the myocardium is most susceptible to damage?

Answer 52

subendocardial layer

Question 53

pre-excitation plus the classic supraventricular arrhythmia

Answer 53

Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome

Question 54

ECG result is a short PR interval (

Answer 54

ventricular pre-excitation

Question 55

what is the most common cause of a pause on an ECG?

Answer 55

nonconducted atrial premature

Question 56

ventricular prematures that occur in the ________ventricle are more commonly associated with heart disease

Answer 56

LEFT VPD

Question 57

is a fib or a flutter faster & irregularly irregular?

Answer 57

atrial fib

Question 58

what is the Most common arrhythmia in US

Answer 58

a fib

Question 59

common in healthy young people, related to anxiety, excess caffeine, fatigue

Answer 59

reentrant junctional tachyarrhytmias

Question 60

if apply carotid sinus massage to sinus tach, what happens?

Answer 60

can break the rhythm

Question 61

if apply carotid sinus massage to atrial flutter

Answer 61

doesn't convert, but brings out the flutter waves

Question 62

if apply carotid sinus massage to reentrant jxnal tachycardia?

Answer 62

converts to sinus rhythm