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Parasitology > Ectoparasites III- Other Tick-Borne Pathogens > Flashcards

Ectoparasites III- Other Tick-Borne Pathogens Flashcards

1
Q

How long do most hard ticks attach and feed?

A

Days

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2
Q

Why do immature and adult female ticks take day to complete feeding/engorge?

A

They have an incomplete scutum

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3
Q

What is feeding like for soft ticks?

A

Feed quickly and often

Usually go back to same host repeatedly

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4
Q

What are methods of direct disease?

A

Tick bites
Paralysis (toxicosis)
…red meat allergy

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5
Q

What are methods of indirect disease?

A

Transmission of pathogens

  • -viruses
  • -bacteria
  • -protozoa
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6
Q

What is the clinical presentation of direct disease from tick bites?

A 
Pain and inflammation at site
Possible complications (anemia, secondary infections, "tick worry")
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7
Q

What are methods of treatment and prevention for direct disease from tick bites?

A

Manual removal vs. acaricide

Year-round control

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8
Q

What is an example of a severe direct disease due to bites?

A

Dermacentor albipictus (Winter Tick) is a 1-host tick known for causing hair and blood loss primarily in moose

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9
Q

What is tick paralysis (direct disease) caused by?

A

Toxin in tick saliva

Often female hard ticks

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10
Q

Why do female ticks often cause tick paralysis?

A

They stay on longer

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11
Q

What are the tick species that can cause tick paralysis?

A

Argasid: Argas persicus
Ixodid: Dermacentor* variabilis, Ambylomma maculatum, A. americanum

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12
Q

What is the clinical presentation of tick paralysis?

A

Acute ascending flaccid paralysis

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13
Q

What is Red Meat Allergy?

A

Direct disease
Allergic reaction to pork, beef, lamb
Described in humans
IgE antibodies to galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal)

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14
Q

What is galactose-α-1,3-galactose (α-gal)?

A

Oligosaccharide blood group component found in non-primate species

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15
Q

What are the 2 processes that that transmission via vectors can occur with indirect disease?

A 
Biological transmission (most vector-borne diseases) with reproduction or developmental changes in pathogen
Mechanical transmission without reproduction or developmental changes in pathogen
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16
Q

What makes a tick a good vector?

A 
Persistent blood-feeder
Wide host range
Few natural enemies
High reproductive potential
Pathogen can be maintained in tick populations
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17
Q

What makes up the tick-host-pathogen system?

A

Vector competency

Reservoir host

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18
Q

What is vector competency?

A

Capable of acquiring, maintaining, and transmitting an infectious agent

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19
Q

What is a reservoir host?

A

Capable of acquiring, maintaining, and transmitting infectious agents
May be the vertebrate host or arthropod vector

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20
Q

What was the first described vector-borne disease?

A

Texas cattle fever (1893), Babesia/Rhipicephalus

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21
Q

What is the time line for the first VBD described?

A

1893: Texas cattle fever, Babesia/Rhipicephalus
1905: relapsing fever (Africa), Borrelia/Ornithodoros)
1906: Rocky mountain spotted fecer, Rickettsia/Dermacentor

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22
Q

Describe tick-borne encephalitis

A

Powassan Encephalitis:
Vector(s)- Ixodes spp.
Clinically affected: humans
Mainly midwestern, northeastern US; Canada

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23
Q

Describe tick-borne hemorrhagic disease

A

Nairobi sheep disease
Vector(s)- various hard tick species
Hemorrhagic gastroenteritis- small ruminants
Africa; Asia

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24
Q

Describe tick-borne systemic disease

A 
African Swine Fever:
Vector(s)- Ornithodoros
Systemic hemorrhagic disease
Domestic swine; warthogs- asymptomatic reservoirs
Africa
Colorado Tick Fever:
Human cases
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25
Q

What are vectors of Lyme disease?

A 
Ixodes scapularis (eastern US)
Ixodes pacificus (western US)
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26
Q

What is the agent of Lyme disease?

A

Borrelia burgdorferi

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27
Q

What are the reservoir hosts for Lyme disease?

A

Rodents (white-footed mouse; reservoir for bacteria)

White-tailed deer (required host for tick only)

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28
Q

Where is Lyme disease commonly found?

A

Northeastern and north-central US

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29
Q

How do the most exposed dogs to Lyme disease appear?

A

Clinically normal

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30
Q

What are the clinical signs and pathogenesis of lyme disease in dogs?

A

Shifting leg lameness, fever, anorexia, lymphadenopathy

Polyarthritis, renal disease

31
Q

What are sentinels for Lyme disease risk in humans?

A

Dogs

32
Q

What are lyme-like illnesses in humans in the south often associated with?

A

Lone star tick bite

33
Q

What are vectors of tularemia?

A

Dermacentor variabilis

Amblyomma americanum

34
Q

What is the agent of tularemia?

A

Francisella tularensis

35
Q

What is the pathology of tularemia in wild and domestic animals?

A

Abscesses in liver and spleen

36
Q

What are the clinical signs of tularemia in humans?

A

Ulcerated lesions
Fever
Headache

37
Q

What causes rickettsial diseases?

A

In general, obligate intracellular, gram negative bacteria

Rickettsia spp., Ehrliche spp., Anaplasma spp.

38
Q

What are the signs that Rickettsial infections usually cause?

A

Nonspecific signs

39
Q

How are Rickettsiae transmitted?

A

Transstadially

Transovarially

40
Q

What are Rickettsial disease treatable with?

A

Tetracyclines

41
Q

What are vectors of Heartwater disease?

A

Amblyomma app where endemic

A. maculatum– experimentally

42
Q

What is the causative agent of Heartwater disease?

A

Ehrlichia ruminantium

43
Q

What is the vector of tropical canine pancytopenia?

A

Rhipicephalius sanguineus

44
Q

What is the causative agent of tropical canine pancytopenia?

A

Ehrlichia canis

45
Q

What are the acute clinical signs of tropical canine pancytopenia?

A

Fever
Anorexia
Lethargy

46
Q

What are the sublicnical signs of tropical canine pancytopenia?

A

E. canis in blood

47
Q

What are the chronic signs of tropical canine pancytopenia?

A 
Ocular, neurologic abnormalities
Scrotal/limb edema
Hemorrhage
Weight loss
Death
48
Q

What is tropical canine pancytopenia common in?

A

German Shepherds

49
Q

What is the vector if canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis?

A

Ambylomma americanum

50
Q

What is the causative agent of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis?

A

Ehrlichia ewingii

51
Q

What is the vector of canine cyclic thrombocytopenia?

A

Rhipicephalus sanguineus

52
Q

What is the causative agent of canine cyclic thrombocytopenia?

A

Anaplasma platys

53
Q

What is the vector of granulocytic anaplasmosis?

A

Ixodes scapularis

I. pacificus

54
Q

What is the causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis?

A

Anaplasma phagocytophilum

55
Q

What are the clinical signs of granulocytic anaplasmosis in equine hosts?

A

Usually mild/subclinical

Fever, lethargy, stocking edema, petechiae

56
Q

What are the clinical signs of granulocytic anaplasmosis in dogs and cats?

A

May be asymptomatic or have nonspecific or acute signs

57
Q

What is the vector of bovine anaplasmosis?

A

Dermacentor adersoni– mechanical transmission

58
Q

What is the causative agent of bovine anaplasmosis?

A

Anaplasma marginale

59
Q

What are the clinical signs of bovine anaplasmosis in cattle?

A

Fever,hemoltic anemia

Severity increases with age (up to 50% mortality in adults)

60
Q

What are the vectors Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

A

Dermacentor variabilis

D. andersoni

61
Q

What is the causative agent of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

A

Rickettsia rickettsii

62
Q

What are the clinical signs of Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever?

A 
Fever
Lymphadenopathy
Polyarthritis
Edema
Petechiae
Ocular lesions
63
Q

What are examples of bacterial diseases with soft tick vectors?

A

Epizootic bovine abortion

Relapsing fever

64
Q

What is the vector of epizootic bovine abortion?

A

Ornithodoros coriaceus

65
Q

What is the causative agent of epizootic bovine abortion?

A

Deltaproteobacterium

66
Q

Where does epizootic bovine abortion occur?

A

California

67
Q

What is the vector of relapsing fever?

A

Ornithodoros spp.

68
Q

What is the causative agent of relapsing fever?

A

Borrelia spp.

69
Q

Where does relapsing fever occur?

A

Western US, Texas, Florida

70
Q

What are causes of canine hepatozoonosis (protozoal disease)?

A

Hepatozoon americium, H. canis

71
Q

What is the cause of feline cytauxzoonosis (protozoal disease)?

A

Cytauxzoon felis

72
Q

What are causes of canine piroplasmosis (protozoal disease)?

A

Babesia canis vogeli
B. gibsoni
B. conradae

73
Q

What are causes of bovine piroplasmosis (protozoal disease)?

A

Babesia bigemina

B. bovis

74
Q

What are causes of equine piroplasmosis?

A

Theileria equi

Babesisa caballi

Parasitology (27 decks)

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