Protozoa VII: Emerging Protozoa Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cutaneous Leishmaniasis species?

A
Leishmania tropica (old world)
Leishmania mexicana (new world)
Leishmania braziliensis
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2
Q

What are the visceral Leishmaniasis species?

A

Leishmania donovai complex

Leishmania infantum

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3
Q

What is the sandfly spp. used as a vector for Leishmania in the new world?

A

Lutzomyia spp.

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4
Q

What is the sandfly spp. used as a vector of Leishmania in the old world?

A

Phlebotomus spp.

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5
Q

What is the Leishmania life cycle?

A

Sand fly ingests amastigotes during blood meal— amastigotes transform to promastigotes and divide— metacyclic promastigotes migrate to sand fly probscis to enter vertebrate host during next blood meal
Vertebrate host is bitten by sand fly— promastigotes are injected during blood meal— phagocytized by macrophages— transform to amastigotes— divide by binary fission inside macrophages— lyse macrophage— invade new cells

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6
Q

What are the vertebrate hosts for Leishmania infantum outside the US?

A

Dogs, cats, jackals, foxes, horses, porcupines, other mammals

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7
Q

What is the vertebrate host for Leishmania in the US?

A

Dogs

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8
Q

What are the insect vectors for Leishmania infantum outside the US?

A

Sandflies

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9
Q

What is the reservoir host for Leishmania infantum?

A

Dogs

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10
Q

What is the PPP for canine leishmaniasis?

A

Variable

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11
Q

What is used to diagnosis canine leishmaniasis?

A

Clinical signs and antibodies: serology
Staining: bone marrow, lymph aspirates, blood, touch preps
Culture or PCR

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12
Q

What is used to detect canine leishmaniasis in other hosts?

A

Sand fly vectors: promastigotes

Other vertebrate hosts

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13
Q

What are control methods for canine leishmaniasis with dog to dog transmission?

A

Ab test all dogs in hunt clubs with yearly testing

If dog Ab+: culture

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14
Q

What are control methods for canine leishmaniasis with sand fly-vertebrate transmission?

A

Eliminate the sand fly through insecticides
Eliminate asymptomatic reservoir/vertebrate hosts
Create barriers between the insect vector and host

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15
Q

What is the cause of human visceral leishmaniasis?

A

Leishmania donovani complex

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16
Q

What is the most common form of human cutaneous leishmaniasis?

A

New world: L. mexicana

Old world: L. major, L. tropica

17
Q

What is the cause of human mucocutaneous leishmaniasis?

A

Leishmania braziliensis

18
Q

What is the vector of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Triatomine insect

19
Q

What are hosts of Trypanosoma cruzi in the US?

A

Domestic dogs
More than 20 wildlife species
Captive animals

20
Q

Describe Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle stages

A
Single, large mitochondria (kinetoplast)
Undulating membrane
Single nucleus
Either elongate with a single flagellum or rounded with a short, nonprotruding flagellum
1. Trypomastigote
2. Epimastigote
3. Amastigote
21
Q

What is the Trypanosoma cruzi life cycle?

A

Trypomastigotes ingested by triatomine vector during blood meal of infected vertebrate host— develop into epimastigotes in triatomine gut— multiply— differentiate into metacyclic trypomastigotes— exit feces of triatomine insect vector— entry into vertebrate host— trypomastigotes enter vertebrate host cell and transform into amastigotes— replicate— diferentiate into trypomastigotes— circulate and invade new cells OR lie dormant as amastigotes

22
Q

What is the route of infection with Trypanosoma cruzi for triatomine insect?

A

Ingest trypomastigotes from blood meal from infected vertebrate host

23
Q

What is the route of infection with Trypanosoma cruzi for vertebrate host?

A

Via triatomine insect vector
-Trypomastigotes in triatomine feces enter wound/mucosal membrane
-Host ingest infected triatomine insect or food contaminated with infected triatomine feces
Transplacental
Blood: transfusion, needles; organ transplant

24
Q

What is the reservoir host of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Dog

25
Q

How do dogs become the reservoir host of Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Infected directly by insect

Ingestion of infected bug or infected animal

26
Q

What is the incubation period of chagas in dogs?

A

Varies: about 3 days post-infection to 2-3 wweks

27
Q

Describe acute chagas in dogs

A

Lasts 10-30 days; fever, anorexia, diarrhea, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cardiac dysfunction, death

28
Q

Describe chronic chagas in dogs

A

Eventual congestive heart failure

29
Q

Describe latent chagas in dogs

A

Asymptomatic, low level infection, lasts for years

30
Q

What is the method of diagnosing Trypanosoma cruzi in animal hosts?

A

Blood smears: Giemsa stain (trypomastigotes)
Biopsy/histology: amastigotes in tissue
Culture
Serology

31
Q

What are methods of treatment for Trypanosoma cruzi?

A

Benznidazole, but it has severe side effects

32
Q

What does Trypanosoma brucei cause?

A

Nagana, African Sleeping sickness

33
Q

What is the species of Trypanosoma in horses?

A

T. equiperdum (venereal)

T. evansi