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Parasitology > Ectoparasites V: Fleas and Lice > Flashcards

Ectoparasites V: Fleas and Lice Flashcards

1
Q

Are fleas insects or arachndis?

A

Insects

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2
Q

What are fleas the best at in the animal kingdom?

A

Jumping

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3
Q

What are characteristics of fleas?

A

Bilaterally flat, chitinized, wingless
Combs on some species
Blood feeders with host preferences

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4
Q

What is the flea life cycle?

A

Complex metamorphosis
Eggs are laid on host but fall off into the environment
Hatching in environment takes 2-5 days
1 stage larvae feed on organic matter to become 2nd stage larvae
3rd stage larvae become pupa in a silk cocoon with debris on outside
Adults emerge after 1-2 weeks in environment; delayed emergence up to 4 months
Adult has several blood meals per day and lays 25-40 eggs/day

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5
Q

How can you diagnose “pulicosis”?

A

History: evidence of fleas or pruritus
Exam: evidence of fleas, eggs, larvae; evidence of flea feces
May cause hypersensitivity reaction

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6
Q

What is the species of the cat flea?

A

Ctenocephalides felis

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7
Q

What is the species of the dog flea?

A

Ctenocephalides canis

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8
Q

What is the species of the human flea?

A

Pulex irritans

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9
Q

What is the species of the sticktight flea?

A

Echidnophaga gallinacea

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10
Q

What is the species of the oriental rat flea?

A

Xenopsylla cheopis

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11
Q

What is the host of Ctenocephalides felis?

A

Wide range of hosts, but prefers cats

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12
Q

What is the worldwide distribution of Ctenocephalides felis?

A

Most common ectoparasite of dogs and cats in North America

Uncommon in arid areas

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13
Q

What kind of disease can Ctenocephalides felis cause?

A

Direct and indirect

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14
Q

How does Ctenocephalides felis infestation occur?

A

Adults emerge from pupae with mechanical CO2, temperature cues
Begin feeding immediately
Females begin egg-laying in a day
Larvae desiccate easily

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15
Q

How much blood can a Ctenocephalides felis ingest per day?

A

13.6 μL

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16
Q

What are the hosts of Ctenocephalides canis?

A

Narrow host range compared to C. felis

Mainly canids

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17
Q

What are the hosts of Pulex irritans?

A

Mainly humans, swine, and dogs

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18
Q

What is the distribution of Pulex irritans?

A

Worldwide, but patchy areas

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19
Q

What are the unique characteristics of Pulex irritans?

A

Lack combs

Ocular bristle

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20
Q

What are the hosts of Echidnophaga gallinacea?

A

Poultry (and other birds)*

Dogs, cats, and other species

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21
Q

What is the distribution of Echidnophaga gallinacea?

A

Mainly in tropical areas

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22
Q

What are the unique characteristics of Echidnophaga gallinacea?

A

Small size
Lack combs
Angled head

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23
Q

Describe the direct disease process of Echidnophaga gallinacea?

A

Infest bare areas— ulcers— anemia, secondary infections

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24
Q

What are the hosts of Xenopsylla cheopis?

A

Rats*
Humans
Dogs

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25
Q

What is the distribution of Xenopsylla cheopis?

A

Tropic and subtropics

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26
Q

What are the unique characteristics of Xenopsylla cheopis?

A

Lack combs

Ocular bristly

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27
Q

What are flea-associated direct diseases?

A

Flea allergy dermatitis

Anemia

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28
Q

What are flea-associated indirect diseases?

A

Cestodes
Nematodes
Bacteria
Viruses- myxoma viruses

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29
Q

What is flea bite hypersensitivity?

A

Allergic reaction to antigens in flea saliva

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30
Q

What is the most common cause of pruritus in dogs and cats?

A

Flea bite hypersensitivity

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31
Q

What are the clinical signs of pruritus in dogs?

A

Lesions often begin on rump, abdomen, inner thighs

32
Q

What are the clinical signs of pruritus in cats?

A

Lesions often begin on head, neck, dorsum

33
Q

Describe the cestode indirect disease Dipylidium caninum

A

Flea tapeworm

Transmitted primarily by Ctenocephalides felis

34
Q

Describe nematode indirect disease Acanthocheilonema reconditum

A

Non-pathogenic
Subcutaneous tissues of dogs
Transmitted primarily by C. felis (IH)

35
Q

Describe bacteria indirect disease Bartonella henselae

A

Cat scratch disease and bacillary angiomatosis
Cats are reservoir for B. henselae
Transmission mainly by C. felis

36
Q

Describe bacteria indirect disease Yersinia pestis

A

Plague

Transmitted by Xenopsylla cheopis

37
Q

Describe bacteria indirect disease Rickettsia

A

Rickettsia typhi: murine typhus- humans, US

Rickettsia felis: cat flea rickettsiosis

38
Q

What does Francisella tularensis cause?

A

Tularemia

39
Q

Describe Myxoma virus (myxomatosis)

A

European rabbits show disease

Historical use in population control

40
Q

What are Mallophaga lice?

A

Chweing/biting lice

41
Q

What are Anoplura lice?

A

Sucking lice

42
Q

What are the general louse characteristics?

A

Host specific
Stout legs and claws
Wingless
Dorso-ventrally flattened

43
Q

What is the louse life cycle?

A

Simple metamorphosis
Adult lice are unable to survive more than 1-2 days off host
Usually remain on same host
Transmission by direct contact, phoresis

44
Q

What is the difference between female lice and fleas in terms of eggs?

A

Lice lay several eggs per days whereas fleas lay dozens

45
Q

What are characteristics of Anoplura?

A

Head narrower than thorax
Blood feeders
Placental mammals

46
Q

What are characteristics of mallophaga?

A

Head broader than thorax
Feed by biting/scraping/skin feathers
Mammals and birds

47
Q

What is the common louse genera for dogs?

A

Anoplura: Linognathus
Mallophaga: Trichodectes

48
Q

What is the common louse genera for cats?

A

Anoplura: None
Mallophaga: Felicola

49
Q

What is the common louse genera for horses?

A

Anoplura: Haematopinus
Mallophaga: Damalinia

50
Q

What is the common louse genera for pigs?

A

Anoplura: Haematopinus
Mallophaga: None

51
Q

What is the common louse genera for cows?

A

Anoplura: Haematopinus, Linognathus, Solenoptes
Mallophaga: Damalinia

52
Q

What is the common louse genera for sheep/goats?

A

Anoplura: Linognathus
Mallophaga: Damalinia

53
Q

What is the common louse genera for humans?

A

Anoplura: Phthirus, Pediculus
Mallophaga: None

54
Q

What dog breeds commonly get Linognathus?

A

Long ear breeds

55
Q

Where does Linognathus typically appear in dogs? What does it cause?

A

Head, neck, beneath collars
Primarily long ear breeds
May cause anemia

56
Q

When is Haematopinus must often seen in cattle?

A

During the summer

57
Q

Describe Haematopinus in cattle

A

Largest louse
Mature cattle
Gulf Coast states

58
Q

What is the most common species of lice in swine?

A

Haematopinus suis

59
Q

Describe Haematopinus in horses

A

May get greasy skin, bald areas over most of body

Uncommon

60
Q

Describe Phthirus

A

Mainly on humans
Pubic area, chest hairs, beard, eyelshes
Transmission via fomites
Occasionally on pets

61
Q

Describe Pediculus

A 
Human body louse, "cootie"
Prefers seams of clothing to hide, lay eggs
Human head louse
Scalp, ears, nape of neck
Dog infestation are uncommon
62
Q

Describe Solenoptes

A

Cattle
Eggs cause hairs to bend
Primarily seen in southern US, Australia

63
Q

Describe Trichodectes

A

Canids
Harmful in puppies, old/debilitated dogs
Like to congregate around body, wounds
Intense pruritus; sleeplessness; matted coat

64
Q

Describe Felicola

A

Domestic cats
Cats with underlying disease or aged
Dull, ruffled coat, scaling, crusts, alopecia

65
Q

Describe Damalinia

A

Cattle, sheep, goats, horses

Potentially damage wool

66
Q

What kind of lice do birds have?

A 
Chewing lice (Mallophaga)
For example, Menacanthus
67
Q

Describe Menacanthus

A

Chicken body louse
Vent, breast, thigh
Eat barbs and barbules
Inflammation, localized scabs, blood clots

68
Q

What is Menopon spp?

A

Shaft louse

69
Q

What is the direct disease caused by lice?

A

Pediculosis

70
Q

What are indirect diseases caused by life?

A

Cestodes (Dipylidium caninum)
Viruses (swine pox)
Human disease agents rickettsiae and Bartonella

71
Q

What is pediculosis common in?

A

Immunosuppressed

Large animals

72
Q

What is Dipylidium caninum?

A

Flea tapeworm

73
Q

What is a major vector of swine pox?

A

Heatopinus suis

74
Q

What are the anoplura (sucking) lice genera?

A 
Linognathus
Hematopinus
Phthirus
Pediculus
Solenoptes
75
Q

What are the mallophaga (chewing) lice genera?

A 
Trichodectes
Felicola
Damalinia
Menacanthus
Menopon

Parasitology (27 decks)

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