Edema, Hyperemia/congestion, and Hemorrhage Flashcards
What kind of edema is seen due to heart failure?
Increased hydrostatic pressure within the venous system leads to transudate edema.
What are two main mechanisms for reduced plasma oncotic pressure?
Reduced production of albumin: Liver failure/ cirrhosis.
Glomerular injury: Nephrotic syndrome leads to loss of protein.
What is Anasarca?
Severe generalized edema through the entire body due to lack of oncotic pressure.
earliest signs are periorbital edema.
What occurs with sodium and water retention?
Very common in renal failure.
Causes a dilution of albumin leading to a decreased oncotic pressure.
Increased fluid causes an increased hydrostatic pressure.
Overall, edema occurs.
How does the parasite Wuchereria bancrofti cause edema?
Organism enters the lymphatic channels leading to elephantitis by blocking lymphatic drainage.
What are some common causes of Cardiogenic pulmonary edema (Heart disease causing backup fluid in lungs)
Left ventricular failure usually due to myocardial infarction!
Systemic hypertension can also cause thickening of left ventricle leading to failure.
Think left sided heart failure!!!
Whats an example of a noncardiogenic pulmonary edema?
respiratory distress
Infection
Head injury
What are some clinical manifestations of pulmonary edema?
Tachycardia
Bounding pulse
Breath sounds
**Engorged neck veins.
What are two observable signs of pulmonary edema?
Blood tinged frothy sputum
Exaggerated lobular structures.
What is seen microscopically in pulmonary edema?
Pink fluid (pulmonary edema)
Thick alveolar septa
Hemosiderin laden macrophages
What sort of edema can cause tonsillar herniation?
Parenchymal edema may shift the brain due to increased pressure pushing it down through the foramen magnum.
What is hyperemia?
Active process causing arteriolar dilation increasing flow of blood to tissue.
Makes skin Erythematous (red)
What is congestion?
A passive blockage of outflow of blood from a tissue causing back flow. (Blockage in veins,)
Example: Congestive heart failure!
What does congestion typically occur with?
Edema!
Also causes a blue tint to skin (cyanosis)
What is nutmeg liver?
Central regions of hepatic lobules are damaged due to congestion.
Microscopically will see cellular death and hemorrhage with hemosiderin macrophages, can lead to fibrosis.
